Abstract
The Chinese have settled in Bintan Island since Zheng He’s great expeditions in the 15th century. However, large-scale arrivals of the Chinese did not occur until in 1740. They worked as laborers in pepper and gambier plantations that belonged to Buginese nobles. Internal and external changes in the political landscape, as well as land and territorial tenures between the Hokkiens in Tanjungpinang and Teochews in Senggarang, added a new nuance to their roles as middlemen, land owners, and coolies in pepper and gambier plantations. This gave rise to contestation between these two ethnic groups. How did the land tenure process take place? What was the role of the Chinese and the Dutch East Indies government in that contestation? Using the concept of Chinese expansion proposed by Kwee Kui Han, this research found that the Chinese were able to establish very structured and systematic presence in the island, both in its hinterland and coastal areas. This condition made it easier for the Chinese to gain control of the economy. This study used the historical method to reconstruct the Chinese’s roles as intermediary traders and plantation owners, as well as the contestation that occurred in Tanjungpinang in the 19th century. Primary data were obtained from Dutch colonial-era sources and the writings of local and foreign historians in order to generate a more comprehensive picture of the topic.
Bahasa Abstract
Orang Cina telah berada di Pulau Bintan sejak abad ke-15 bersama dengan ekspedisi Zheng He. Namun kedatangan orang Tionghoa secara besar-besaran terjadi pada tahun 1740. Mereka datang sebagai buruh di perkebunan lada dan gambir milik bangsawan Bugis. Perubahan politik internal dan eksternal serta penguasaan tanah dan teritorial antara Hokkien di Tanjungpinang dan Teochiu di Senggarang menambah narasi baru pada peran mereka sebagai perantara, pemilik tanah, dan kuli di perkebunan lada dan gambir. Kontestasi antara dua kelompok etnis ini. Bagaimana proses penguasaan tanahnya. Bagaimana peran Cina dan Pemerintah Hindia Belanda dan kontestasi itu terjadi. Menggunakan pendekatan Kwee Kui Han dengan konsep ekspansi yang dilakukan oleh orang Tionghoa sangat terstruktur dan sistematis baik di pedalaman maupun di pesisir. Hal ini justru memudahkan mereka (Cina) untuk menguasai ekonomi. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode sejarah untuk merekonstruksi peran orang Tionghoa sebagai pedagang perantara, pemilik perkebunan dan kontestasi yang terjadi di Tanjungpinang pada abad ke-19 Sumber primer diperoleh melalui sumber kolonial serta tulisan-tulisan sejarawan lokal dan asing, memperkaya narasi makalah ini.
References
Ali Haji, Raja. 1998. Tuhfat al-Nafis. Kuala Lumpur: Yayasan Karyawan.
Arman, Dedi. 2017. Dari Hulu ke Hilir Batanghari: Aktivitas Perdagangan Lada di Jambi Abad XVI–XVIII. Tanjungpinang: CV Genta Advertising.
Bataviaasch Nieuwsblad, 8 Oktober 1915.
Broeze, Frank, ed. 1989. Brides of The Sea of Asia from 16th– 20th Century. Kensington: New South Wales University Press.
Buiskool, Dirk A. 2009. The Chinese Commercial Elite of Medan 1890-1941: The Penang Connections. Journal of The Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 82, no. 2 (297) (December): 113–114.
Dutch East Indies. 1892–1917. Regeering Almanak voor Nederlandsch-Indie (RAN).
——— . 1906. Regeering Alamanak voor Nederlandsch-Indie (RAN).
——— . 1912. Regerings-Alamanak voor Nederlandsch-Indie (RAN).
Earl, George Windsor. 1837. The Eastern seas or voyages and adventures in the Indian Archipelago in 1832–33-34, comprising a tour of the island of Java-visits to Borneo, the Malay Peninsula, Siam, also an account of the present state of Singapore with observations on the commercial resources of the Archipelago. London: WM Hallen and Co.
Fauzi, M dan Razif. 2017. Jalur Rempah dan Dinamika Masyarakatnya Abad X-XVI: Kepulauan Banda, Jambi, dan Pantai Utara Jawa. Jakarta: Direktorat Sejarah, Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.
Het Nieuws van Den Dag voor Nederlandsch Indië, 26 November 1906.
Henley, David dan H.G.C. (Henk) Schulte Nordholt, eds. 2015. Environment, Trade and Society in Southeast Asia. Series: Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, Volume: 300. Leiden-Boston: Brill.
Javasche Courant, 3 dan 6 Juni 1902.
Koloniaal Verslag. 1856. Verslag van het beheer en den staat der kolonien over 1856 - Suriname/Curaçao en onderhoorigheden/Kust van Guinea. Collection of Biblioteca Nacional Aruba.
Koloniaal Verslag. 1858.
——— . 1883. Bijlagen van Het Verslag der Handelingen van de Tweede Kamer der Staten Generaal 1883– 1884. ‘s-Gravenhage: Algemeene Landsdrukkerij
——— . 1884. Bijlagen C van het verslag der handelingen van de Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal. ‘s-Gravenhage: Algemeene Landsdrukkerij.
——— . 1885. Bijlagen C van het verslag der handelingen van de Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal. ‘s-Gravenhage: Algemeene Landsdrukkerij.
——— . 1889. Bijlagen C van het verslag der handelingen van de Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal. ‘s-Gravenhage: Algemeene Landsdrukkerij.
——— . 1892. Bijlagen C van het verslag der handelingen van de Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal. ‘s-Gravenhage: Algemeene Landsdrukkerij.
——— . 1893. Bijlagen C van het verslag der handelingen van de Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal. ‘s-Gravenhage: Algemeene Landsdrukkerij.
——— . 1904. Bijlagen C van het verslag der handelingen van de Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal. ‘s-Gravenhage: Algemeene Landsdrukkerij.
Leiden University Libraries. n.d. Residentie Riouw en Onderhoorigheden. Dutch Colonial Maps KIT. http:// hdl.handle.net/1887.1/item:2012545.
———. n.d. Pepertuin in Nederlands-Indië. Southeast Asian & Caribbean Images (KITLV). http://hdl.handle. net/1887.1/item:820726.
Ownby, David dan Mary Somers Heidhues, eds. 1993. Secret Societies Reconsidered: Perspective on the Social History of Modern South China and Southeast Asia (Studies on Modern China). Edisi ke-1. USA: Routledge Taylor& Francis Group.
Pherson, Kenneth Mc. Peter Reeves, dan Frank Broeze. 1989. Studying the Asian Port City, Dalam Brides of the Sea of Asia from 16th-20th Century, ed. Frank Broeze. Kensington: New South Wales University.
P. Wink. 1930. Memorie Van Overgave Van Het Bestuur Der Onderafdeeling Tandjong Pinang Door Den Aftredend Contoleur. National Archief. https://www.nationaalarchief.nl/onderzoeken/archief/2.10.39/ invnr/834/file/NL-HaNA_2.10.39_834_0001?eadID=2.10.39&unitID=834&query=.
Reid, Anthony. 1997. Entrepreneurial Minorities, Nationalism, and the State. Dalam Chinese and Jews in the Modern Transformation of Southeast Asia and Central Europe “Essential Outsiders”, eds. Daniel Chirot dan Anthony Reid. Seattle and London: University of Washington Press.
Schols, W. 1938. Memorie van Overgave van het bestuur over de onderafdeeling Tandjoeng Pinang, Afdeeling Tandjoeng Pinang. Residentie Riouw en Onderhoorigheden,31 Mei 1938, MvO Ie No 18 ANRI.
Syahri, Aswandi. 2019. Gambir Negeri Riau Zaman Bahari (1740–1920-an). jantung melayu.co, 5 Agustus. https://jantungmelayu.co/2019/08/gambir-negeri-riau-zaman-bahari-1740-1920-an/.
Soerabaijah Handelsblaad, 23 Maret 1904.
Suarman, dan Dwi Setiati. 2012. Budaya Masyarakat Tionghoa di Tanjungpinang. Tanjungpinang: BPNB.
Suryadinata, Leo. 2002. Negara dan Etnis Tionghoa: Kasus Indonesia. Jakarta: LP3ES, 2002.
Swastiwi, Anastasi Wiwik. 1999/2000. Peranan Pedagang Perantara Cina dalam Kehidupan Sosial Ekonomi Masyarakat Tanjungpinang Tahun 1945–1965. BKSNT-Depdikbud.
——— . 1988. Kongsi & Spekulasi: Jaringan Kerja Bisnis Cina. Disadur oleh Bob Widyahartono. Jakarta: Grafiti Press. 2021. Jejak Jalur Rempah di Kepulauan Riau. Jurnal Sosial dan Teknologi (SOSTECH) 1, no. 11: 1.400–1.401.
Tagliacozzo, Eric. 2005. Secret Traders Porous Borders: Smuggling and States Along a Southeast Asian Frontier 1865–1915. New Haven & London: Yale University Press.
Tan, Mely G, 1979. Golongan Etnis Tionghoa di Indonesia: Suatu Masalah Pembinaan Kesatuan Bangsa. Jakarta: Gramedia.
Touwen, Jeroen. 2001. Extremes in the Archipelago: Trade and Economic Development in the Outer Islands of Indonesia, 1900–1942. Leiden: KITLV Press.
Trocki, Carl A. 1976. The Origins of the Kangchu System 1740–1860. Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 49, no. 2 (230):135–136.
——— . 2006. Knowledge Management in the World of 18th Century Chinese Business. Dalam Proceedings: The Third International Research Conference ‘Chinese Entrepreneurship and Asian Business Networks; “Value Creation through Knowledge Governance 22, no. 2, eds. Janet Dunn. Lee Kong Chian of Business & Wee Kim Wee Centre: Singapore Management University.
Vleming, J.L. 1988. Kongsi & Spekulasi: Jaringan Kerja Bisnis Cina. Disadur oleh Bob Widyahartono. Jakarta: Grafiti Press.
———. 1992. The Chinese Business Community Today in The Various Parts of Netherlands Indie. Dalam Chinese Economic Activity in Netherlands Indie: Selected Translations from the Dutch. M.R. Fernando dan David Bullock, eds. Singapore: ISEAS.
Xiadong, Xu. 2015. Genesis as a Growth Triangle in South East Asia: A Study of Economic Connections between Singapore, Johor and Riau Islands 1870-the 1970s. Disertasi. Leiden University.
Recommended Citation
Saumia, Zulfa. 2023. ORANG TIONGHOA, PERKEBUNAN GAMBIR, LADA DAN KONTESTASI DI TANJUNGPINANG ABAD KE-19. Paradigma: Jurnal Kajian Budaya 13, no. 2 (August). 10.17510/paradigma.v13i2.1067.
Included in
Archaeological Anthropology Commons, Art and Design Commons, Cultural History Commons, Fine Arts Commons, Library and Information Science Commons, Linguistics Commons, Philosophy Commons