Front Matter
30 July 2026
Current Issue
Volume 9, Issue 1 (2026)Read More
Featured Content
- Sustainable Development: Original Article30 July 2026
LAND CONVERSION, FOOD SECURITY, AND DEFORESTATION IN INDONESIA: EVIDENCE FROM FARMER-LEVEL DECISIONS
Agricultural land conversion (ALC) creates a dual sustainability challenge: the loss of productive farmland to urban expansion and the conversion of forested land into new agricultural areas. Farmland loss may reduce food production capacity, while forest conversion for agriculture may increase environmental degradation. These facts create a structural policy dilemma for Indonesia: safeguarding food security while simultaneously preventing deforestation. This study examines the patterns and drivers of land conversion in Indonesia over the past decade, with a focus on its implications for food security and deforestation. Using Indonesian Farmers Income Survey (Survei Pendapatan Petani, SPP) from 2004 (n = 316,669) and 2014 (n = 415,874), where the unit of analysis is the agricultural household, descriptive analysis and logistic regression were employed to explore the determinants of land conversion decisions. In this study, a land conversion decision is defined as any change in land-use status initiated by the household, which encompasses both the conversion of existing agricultural land to non-agricultural purposes and the expansion into new agricultural land from non-agricultural or forested areas. Land tenure, income, education, gender, and market access significantly influence land conversion decisions. More importantly, the results reveal a distinct regional duality: farmland conversion to non-agricultural uses is concentrated in Java, whereas agricultural expansion into forested areas is more prevalent outside Java. This duality highlights the contrasting land-use pressures faced by densely populated urban areas and sparsely populated rural regions, indicating that Indonesia faces two different land-use policy problems: protecting the remaining farmland in Java and preventing agricultural expansion into forested landscapes outside Java. These findings demonstrate that land conversion in Indonesia follows distinct regional pathways that generate different food security and deforestation risks. Consequently, region-specific land-use policies are needed to protect productive farmland in Java while reducing pressure on forest ecosystems outside Java.
Current Articles
Most Popular Articles
- Original Research Article31 July 2020
BORACAY ISLAND DESTINATION IMAGE THROUGH TRAVEL BLOGS
Destination images are important information for marketing professionals, local planners, and travel bloggers on social media. The rise of social media has allowed more tourists to share their knowledge, emotions, and experiences from their travels. However, despite the popularity of adapting online narratives to destination images, little or no qualitative analysis has been conducted about island’s sustainable tourism development in the Philippines using information from social media. One type of destination are small islands in the Philippines. The examination is worthwhile inasmuch as the literature has been silent on destination images of top island retreats in the country, although there are many negative images of overcrowded and unsustainable resorts posted by both international and local tourists. Method of this research are using data from 83 travel blogs written from January 2013 to February 2018by visitors of Boracay, the current study extracts underlying themes and subthemes relating to visitors’ overall impressions, cultural exchanges, economic development, and environmental changes. It was determined that tourists are interested in the white beaches, breathtaking landscapes, and varieties of activities offered, such as island-hopping and “mermaiding.” There is also evidence that Boracay continues to face issues concerning its sustainability, such as threats on its unfortunate transportation system, losing its cultural identity, uncontrolled urbanization, and unsustainable solid waste management practices. The findings here are useful for local government, small island tourism planners, and service providers in understanding visitor perceptions of quality and value, which in turn have influenced the island’s competitiveness and sustainability. - Case-Based Article31 December 2020
AN OVERVIEW OF PLASTIC WASTE RECYCLING IN THE URBAN AREAS OF JAVA ISLAND IN INDONESIA
Plastic products have been an integral part of human lives. However, concerns over plastic pollution have been growing. Thus, alternative practices that allow more sustainable production and consumption pattern are urgently needed. Improving plastic recycling management is one of the solutions to prevent an increase in plastic pollution. This paper aims to uncover the potential of plastic recycling, to define factors that can leverage the expansion of the recycling process, and to evaluate possible measures that can realize such expansion, especially given the limited literature on these topics. Therefore, a four-month study, which involved two months of rigorous primary survey and interview and secondary data collection process to obtain valuable and accountable raw data, was conducted between October 2019–January 2020. The conducted study showed that the urban population in Java Island generated around 189,349 t of plastic waste per month, but only 11.83% of it was collected. The remaining 88.17% was either directly transported to landfills or littered in the environment. Five major plastic types were collected in the recycling stream, namely, rigid PP (25%), film HDPE (20%), rigid PET (20%), rigid HDPE (14%), and film PP (9%) with more than 80% of collected plastic waste originating from waste pickers. The paper highlights the major challenges in improving post-consumer recycling: (i) failure of post-consumer plastic recyclable to meet the quality industrial standard; (ii) limited recycling processes and infrastructure; (iii) low market demand for recycled products. - Original Research Article30 July 2021
PARASITE INFECTIONS IN POULTRY ENVIRONMENTS (CASE REPORT ON GALLUS DOMESTICUS ENDOPARASITE)
Infection of nematode and cestode worms in chickens can cause decreased egg production, weight loss, growth problems, weakness. The objective of this case study is to look at how an epidemiological approach, clinical symptoms, anatomical pathology investigation, and laboratory testing might help with disease diagnosis. The chicken was found from Banjar Tanggahan Tengah, Bangli, Bali with the type of native chicken (Gallus domesticus), at least 3 months old with the protocol number 369 / N / 20. Samples taken were brain, trachea, lungs, liver, heart, spleen, kidneys, proventriculus, intestines, and feces. Laboratory examinations carried out include histopathology, microbiology, and parasitology. The results of the pathological examination of the case showed that there was bleeding in the lobes of the lungs and liver, heart, brain, and trachea, there was edema, the small intestine and cecum had bleeding and mucosal enteritis, the spleen was depleted, the proventriculus was inflamed. Microbiology laboratory test results with the culture of organ samples identified by Escherichia coli bacteria. The results of fecal and microscopic parasite examinations found eggs and worms of the nematodes Ascaridia galli, Heterakis gallinarum, Capillaria caudinflata, Tetrameres americana, cestode Raillietina sp., And oocyst Eimeria sp. the protozoan digestive system. It is recommended that farmers improve cage sanitation and maintenance management for better poultry environments. Thus, the chickens would not easily infect by endoparasites. - Original Research Article31 July 2024
EXPLORING THE VULNERABILITY OF SMALL-SCALE FISHERFOLKS IN SELECTED BARANGAYS
Small-scale fisherfolks contributed to the livelihood and economic aspects of the fishery sector in the region. However, they are vulnerable regarding potential risks and threats caused by various conditions. This study explored the vulnerability of fifty-two small-scale fisherfolks selected from six barangays near Laguna's Northern West Bay, Philippines. The case study design guided the data collection from multiple sources, including survey questionnaires, unstructured interviews, and document analysis for triangulation and analysis of fisherfolks' exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity. Results show that there are indicators that contribute to the vulnerability of fisherfolk in terms of exposure, which involves hydrometeorological hazards, water quality, and biological indicators; Sensitivity, which involves the type of fish, fish consumption, family size, number of times fishing, age of fisherfolks, catch rate, gear dependence; and adaptive capacity which involves the health benefits, domestic credits/loans, fishery cooperative, seminar and training, income, educational attainment, alternative livelihoods, boat types, house types, presence of fry fishery, size of fish, mode of communication, presence of infrastructures and fishing experience. There is a need for appropriate interventions and doable programs by the government authorities in addressing the areas that contribute to the high level of vulnerability of fisherfolks for them in return to be able to sustain their means of livelihood and ability to contribute to the industry of fisheries in connection with the indicators of the Sustainable Development Goals. This research highlights the necessity of a systemic approach in assessing the needs of small-scale fisherfolks to help them reduce vulnerability while supporting their industry. Additionally, it recommends a practical framework and scale for assessing the vulnerability of small-scale fisherfolks, along with supporting policies for a long-term strategy to boost this sector. - Review Article31 December 2019
COAL MINING SECTOR CONTRIBUTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX IN EAST KALIMANTAN PROVINCE
Coal mining has been one of the issues that led to pros and cons in Indonesia. Research shows that mining activities are one of the factors that affect people’s incomes and local and national economic development. However, mining is a lucrative activity that leads to construction booms that attract population growth and lead to deforestation, thus affecting the environmental conditions of a region. The coal mining industry of Indonesian province of East Kalimantan, on the island of Borneo, provides most of the economic base needed to build the infrastructure and provide energy of the country. Kalimantan Province accounts for approximately 90 % of the entire country’s coal production. East Kalimantan, with its mining operations mainly in the district of Kutai and its expanded territory, is a major coal-producing region of the country. This article will examine how coal mining sector contributes to environmental conditions and Human Development Index (HDI) in the province of East Kalimantan. This research was conducted using a combination of scientific methods, including literature, spatial analysis using geographic information system (GIS) technology, and quantitative data analysis. From the analysis of the spatial issuance of coal mining permit in East Kalimantan, the coal mining sector has a direct impact on regional revenue and contributes indirectly to the HDI in the province of East Kalimantan. However, it turns out that the planning and management of natural resources field exploitation business licenses are not performed systematically. As a result, many problems arise, such as disputes over control and ownership of land (agrarian conflicts), damage to the landscape, deforestation, environmental pollution, and public health problems. Thus, anticipatory measures are needed by the government so that the economy of East Kalimantan Province remained stable and sustainable. - Case-Based Article31 December 2019
ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS OF TOFU PRODUCTION IN THE CONTEXT OF CLEANER PRODUCTION: CASE STUDY OF TOFU HOUSEHOLD INDUSTRIES IN SALATIGA, INDONESIA
Tofu is a soy-based food that is frequently consumed by Indonesian as a protein source. It is usually produced by household industries using traditional technology, which currently experiencing environmental problems with respect to the inefficiency of resource usage and inadequate waste disposal. Therefore, cleaner production strategy is potential to be implemented by previously mapping the current problems faced by the industries. This study aims to present an environmental analysis on tofu production in Salatiga in the context of cleaner production. In addition to provides information about the current production process and explains waste management performed by the industries, this study describes how the people in Kalitaman-Salatiga consider environmental issue around the tofu production. This study was conducted by a qualitative approach using interview, observation, and documentation. Laboratory analysis was conducted to provide supporting data. The results showed that only a small proportion of the tofu production process in Kalitaman meets the indicators for cleaner production in term of using raw materials efficiently and reusing solid wastes. Wastes in the form of smoke and wastewater are still disposed without prior treatment. The BOD5, COD, and TSS contents of tofu wastewater exceed the quality standard set by the Indonesian government. Although the respondents understand the negative impact of pollution to ecosystem, they are not yet concerned because it does not show a direct detrimental impact on their community. Therefore, raising environmental awareness is required in order to protect the ecosystem and to prevent environmental deterioration.