•  
  •  
 

Abstract

Authors of scientific articles are faced with two opposing demands: objectivity and critical evaluation when expressing reality and truth. To date, no evaluative language mapping has been performed on Indonesian scientific articles which can accurately describe an article’s degree of objectivity so that it can be used as a tool for objectivizing and negotiating truth. Using the appraisal framework, this research aims to identify and examine these two opposing orientations as they appear in Indonesian scientific articles. The qualitative approach was applied to perform in-depth analysis of interpersonal functions in scientific articles. Data in the form of Indonesian scientific articles were obtained from top ten highest impact factor journals which are accredited and indexed by the Science and Technology Index (SINTA), representing ten different scientific disciplines. Results show that the authors could not completely avoid subjectivity. However, objectivity was clearly sought through five strategies: passivation, verbalization, prioritization of verbs before explicit expressions of affect, nominalization, and prioritization of nouns before explicit expressions of affect. Using the appraisal framework, the modality theory in Indonesian (Alwi 1992), and the lexical semantic theory (Cruse 1986) as bases for data analysis, this research offers a taxonomic evaluative language map of Indonesian scientific articles. This research used the appraisal framework (Martin and White, 2005), especially the attitude and graduation system, to define boundaries while combining objective and evaluative-critical language in three parameters: (1) distance between the personal evaluation source and the evaluative item; (2) the prominence of agentivity and a person’s involvement in the actualization of events; and (3) the root meaning of evaluative lexemes.

Bahasa Abstract

Penulis artikel ilmiah dihadapkan pada dua tuntutan yang saling bertentangan: objektivitas dan evaluasi kritis saat mengungkapkan realitas dan kebenaran. Hingga saat ini, belum ada pemetaan bahasa evaluatif pada artikel ilmiah Indonesia yang dapat secara akurat menggambarkan tingkat objektivitas sebuah artikel sehingga dapat digunakan sebagai alat untuk mengobjektifkan dan menegosiasikan kebenaran. Menggunakan kerangka appraisal, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi dan memeriksa dua orientasi yang saling bertentangan ini sebagaimana terlihat dalam artikel ilmiah Indonesia. Pendekatan kualitatif diterapkan untuk melakukan analisis mendalam terhadap fungsi interpersonal dalam artikel ilmiah. Data berupa artikel ilmiah Indonesia diperoleh dari sepuluh jurnal dengan faktor dampak tertinggi yang terakreditasi dan diindeks oleh Science and Technology Index (SINTA), yang mewakili sepuluh disiplin ilmu yang berbeda. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penulis tidak dapat sepenuhnya menghindari subjektivitas. Namun, objektivitas jelas diupayakan melalui lima strategi: pasivasi, verbalization, prioritas pada kata kerja sebelum ekspresi afektif eksplisit, nominalisasi, dan prioritas pada kata benda sebelum ekspresi afektif eksplisit. Dengan menggunakan kerangka appraisal, teori modalitas dalam bahasa Indonesia (Alwi 1992), dan teori semantik leksikal (Cruse 1986) sebagai dasar analisis data, penelitian ini menawarkan peta taksonomi bahasa evaluatif pada artikel ilmiah Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan kerangka appraisal (Martin dan White, 2005), khususnya sistem sikap dan kelulusan, untuk menentukan batas-batas sekaligus menggabungkan bahasa objektif dan evaluatif-kritis dalam tiga parameter: (1) jarak antara sumber evaluasi pribadi dan item evaluatif; (2) penonjolan agentivitas dan keterlibatan seseorang dalam aktualisasi peristiwa; dan (3) makna dasar dari leksikon evaluatif.

References

Alhaded, Hashem H., Glushchenko, Tatiana N. dan Alhadid, Haitham H. 2022. Evaluative Language in Arabic Academic Discourse. Dalam RUDN Journal of Language Studies, Semiotics and Semantics Volume 13, Issue 1, 68–79. doi: 10.22363/2313-2299-2022-13-1-68-79

Alwi, Hasan. 1992. Modalitas dalam Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: Kanisius.

Bahmani, Mona, Chalak, Azizeh, dan Tabrizi, Heidari Tabrizi. 2021. The Effect of Evaluative Language on High- and Low-graded Post-graduateStudents’ Academic Writing Ability Across Gender. Dalam Cogent Education Volume 8, Issue 1. doi: 10.1080/2331186X.2021.1905229.

Bednarek, Monika. 2006. Evaluation in Media Discourse: Analysis of a Newspaper Corpus: Continuum.

Biber, Douglas dan Finegan, Edward. 1988. Adverbial Stance Types in English. United Kingdom: Discourse Processes.

Biber, Douglas dan Finegan, Edward. 1989. Styles of Stance in English: Lexical and Gramatical Marking of Evidentiality and Affect. Dalam TextVolume 9, Issue 1.

Cruse, Alan. 1986. Lexical Semantics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Geng, Yifan dan Wharton, Sue. 2016. Evaluative Language in Discussion Sections of Doctoral Theses: Similarities and Differences between L1 Chinese and L1 English Writers. Dalam Journal of English for Academic Purposes Volume 22 (Juni 2016).

Halliday, Michael Alexander Kirkwood dan Matthiessen, Christian M.I. 2014. Halliday’s Introduction to Functional Grammar (4th ed.). London: Routledge.

Hyland, Ken. 2005. Stance and Engagement: A model of Interaction in Academic Discourse. Dalam Discourse Studies Volume 7, Issue 2, 173–192. doi: 10.1177/1461445605050365.

Kashiha, Hadi. 2021. Metadiscourse Variations in the Generic Structure of Disciplinary Research Articles. Dalam International Review of Pragmatics Volume 13, Issue 2, pp. 193–212. doi: 10.1163/18773109-01302004.

Loi, Chek Kim, Lim, Jason Miin Hwa, dan Wharton, Sue. 2016. Expressing an Evaluative Stance in English and Malay Research Article Conclusions: International Publications versus Local Publications. Dalam Journal of English for Academic Purposes. Elsevier Ltd Volume21. doi: 10.1016/j.jeap.2015.08.004.

Macken-Horarik, Mary dan Isaac, Anne. 2014. Appraising Appraisal. Dalam Evaluation in Context, penyunting Thompson, Geoff dan Alba-Juez, Laura. Amsterdam: John Benjamin Publishing Company.

Martin, James Robert dan White, Peter R.R. 2005. The Language of Evaluation: Appraisal in English. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

Moyano, Estela Ines. 2019. Knowledge Construction in Discussions of Research Articles in Two Disciplines in Spanish: The Role of Resources of Appraisal. Dalam Journal of Pragmatics Volume 139, 231–246. doi: 10.1016/j.pragma.2018.09.011.

Pasaribu, Truly Armendo. 2020. Appraisal Framework in Analyzing Learners’ Attitudinal Resources on Performing of Mice and Men. Dalam Indonesian Journal of EFL and Linguistics, 5(1), p. 161. doi: 10.21462/ijefl.v5i1.237.

Saidi, Mavadat. 2021. Appraisal Resources in an Academic Genre: English versus Persian Nutrition Research Articles. Dalam Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism. doi: 10.1155/2021/6659796.

Thompson, Geoff dan Hunston, Susan. 2003. Evaluation: An Introduction. Dalam Evaluation in Text: Authorial Stance and the Construction of Discourse, penyunting Hunston, Susan dan Thompson, Geoff. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Wang, Qian, Cindy Sing Bik Ngai, dan Rita Gill Singh. 2021. A Discursive Analysis of Crisis Response Strategies in CEO Apologies—Drawing on Linguistic Insights from the Appraisal Framework. Dalam Journal of Management Communication Quarterly, 35(4)

Yang, Linxiu dan Lv, Xiaojuan. 2015. Reporting Evidentials in Generic Structures of English Research Articles—From the Perspective of Engagement in Appraisal System. Dalam International Journal of Linguistics and Communication Volume 3, Issue 1, 134–144. doi: 10.15640/ijlc.v3n1a14.

Yao, Le dan Bik Ngai Cindy Sing. 2022. Engaging Social Media Users with Attitudinal Messages during Health Crisis Communication. Dalam Lingua. 268(2). doi: 10.1016/j.lingua.2021.103199.

Ziliwu, Eminently. 2020. Appraisal of Engagement in Les Brown Speech’s Enough is Enough. Dalam LingPoet: Journal of Linguistics and Literary Research, 1(1), pp. 6–13. doi: 10.32734/lingpoet.v1i1.4691.

Download

Share

COinS