•  
  •  
 

Abstract

The issue of water management in Indonesia’s specific urban contexts, specifically in Surabaya as an industrial hub and Bali as a tourist destination, is of paramount importance due to its impact on public health and environmental sustainability. This study analyses water management and conservation factors by comparing two distinct urban areas. The research design employs Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM), which involves a specialised approach for analysing the complex relationships between variables. The results of the analysis indicate that community attitudes in Surabaya, facilitated by infrastructure and technology, significantly predicts intention to perform (β=0.334, p<0.001) and water management satisfaction (β=0.409, p<0.001). In contrast, collaboration with the government enhances environmental constraints (β=0.285, p<0.003) and water management satisfaction (β=0.140, p<0.044). In Bali, where water management is based on traditional practices, community attitudes do not significantly affect water management satisfaction (β=0.095, p>0.431). Still, perceived norms reduce environmental constraints (β=-0.134, p<0.039) and enhance the intention to perform (β=0.189, p<0.037). The role of personal agency in Bali is more significant in reducing environmental constraints (β=-0.187, p<0.025) and increasing intention to perform (β=0.198, p<0.013). In contrast, in Surabaya, only personal agency was significant in increasing water management satisfaction (β=0.132, p<0.003). These findings suggest that Surabaya requires an integrative approach, while Bali must strengthen its locally based water management practices and enforce stricter regulations in the tourism sector to protect water resources.

References

Adnan, N., Nordin, S. M., & bin Abu Bakar, Z. (2017). Understanding and facilitating sustainable agricultural practice: A comprehensive analysis of adoption behaviour among Malaysian paddy farmers. Land Use Policy, 68, 372–382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.07.046

Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T

Ali, F., Lestari, D. L., Putri, M. D., & Azmi, K. N. (2024). Strategy Analysis for the Fulfilment of Clean Water Needs Through Piped-Water Service in Metropolitan City during the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Technology, 15(5), 1237-1246. https://doi.org/10.14716/ijtech.v15i5.6160

Ansell, C., & Gash, A. (2008). Collaborative Governance in Theory and Practice. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 18(4), 543–571. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mum032

Arsana, I. G. N. K., Dharma, I. G. B. S., Yekti, M. I., & Suryantara P, I. P. G. (2022a). Status of Raw Water Management Sustainability Based on Local Wisdom on Rural Water Supply in Bali, Indonesia. Civil Engineering and Architecture, 10(7), 3118–3134. https://doi.org/10.13189/cea.2022.100725

Avazpour, B., Osmond, P., & Corkery, L. (2024). Using Water-Sensitive City Factors to Evaluate the Performance of Water Management Projects at a Global Scale. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 150(12). https://doi.org/10.1061/JWRMD5.WRENG-6054

Bahar, E., Sudarno, & Zaman, B. (2017). Sustainability study of domestic communal wastewater treatment plant in Surabaya City. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 70, 012012. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/70/1/012012

Bakker, K., Kooy, M., Shofiani, N. E., & Martijn, E.-J. (2008). Governance Failure: Rethinking the Institutional Dimensions of Urban Water Supply to Poor Households. World Development, 1891-1915. https://doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2007.09.015

Chin, W. W. (1998). The Partial Least Squares Approach to Structural Equation Modeling. In G. A. Marcoulides (Ed.), Modern Methods for Business Research (pp. 295–358). Mahwah. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781410604385-10/partial-least-squares-approach-structural-equation-modeling-wynne-chin

Das, J. (2025). Indigenous knowledge and sustainable development: Rüza—A traditional water management practice in Phek district, Nagaland. Sustainable Development, 33(1), 349–363. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.3104

Farina, G., Le Coënt, P., & Hérivaux, C. (2024). Do urban environmental inequalities influence demand for nature-based solutions? Ecological Economics, 224, 108298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2024.108298

Ferreira, J. C., Costa dos Santos, D., & Campos, L. C. (2024). Blue-green infrastructure in view of Integrated Urban Water Management: A novel assessment of an effectiveness index. Water Research, 257, 121658. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2024.121658

Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39. https://doi.org/10.2307/3151312

Fuentes, H., & Mauricio, D. (2020). Smart water consumption measurement system for houses using IoT and cloud computing. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 192(9), 602. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-020-08535-4

Gorgoglione, A., Crisci, M., Kayser, R. H., Chreties, C., & Collischonn, W. (2019). A New Scenario-Based Framework for Conflict Resolution in Water Allocation in Transboundary Watersheds. Water, 11(6), 1174. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11061174

Guo, Y., Wei, B., Zheng, S., Liang, M., & Zou, Y. (2023). Research on architecture design of Yangtze River Protection Ecological Cloud Platform. Water Resources Protection, 39(2), 9–16. https://doi.org/10.3880/j.issn.1004-6933.2023.02.002

Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2014). A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Institute for Marketing at the LMU Munich. https://uk.sagepub.com/en-gb/eur/a-primer-on-partial-least-squares-structural-equation-modeling-pls-sem/book270548

Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2–24. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-11-2018-0203

Hair, J., & Alamer, A. (2022). Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) in second language and education research: Guidelines using an applied example. Research Methods in Applied Linguistics, 1(3), 100027. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmal.2022.100027

Harlis, T. A., & Seo, S. B. (2024). Land suitability analysis for blue-green infrastructure implementation in an urban stormwater management system in Surabaya, Indonesia. Water Science & Technology, 90(5), 1501–1519. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2024.265

Hawken, S., Sepasgozar, S. M. E., Prodanovic, V., Jing, J., Bakelmun, A., Avazpour, B., Che, S., & Zhang, K. (2021). What makes a successful Sponge City project? Expert perceptions of critical factors in integrated urban water management in the Asia-Pacific. Sustainable Cities and Society, 75, 103317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.103317

Henseler, J., Hubona, G., & Ray, P. A. (2016). Using PLS path modeling in new technology research: updated guidelines. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 116(1), 2–20. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMDS-09-2015-0382

Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115–135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8

Ihsan, T., & Ilfan, F. (2025). Challenges of Drinking Water Supply in Indonesian Cities: A Brief Review. Andalasian International Journal of Applied Science, Engineering and Technology, 5(2), 140-150. https://doi.org/10.25077/aijaset.v5i02.160

Intelisano, J., Lima, M. L., Veras, N., Corleto, B., Asili, V., & Massone, H. E. (2023). A multi-voiced model for decision-making in water resource management. A case study in the urban area of Mar del Plata city, Argentina. Urban Water Journal, 20(3), 422–433. https://doi.org/10.1080/1573062X.2022.2155857

Jalilov, S.-M., Kefi, M., Kumar, P., Masago, Y., & Mishra, B. K. (2018). Sustainable Urban Water Management: Application for Integrated Assessment in Southeast Asia. Sustainability, 10(1), 122. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10010122

Judeh, T., Shahrour, I., & Comair, F. (2022). Smart Rainwater Harvesting for Sustainable Potable Water Supply in Arid and Semi-Arid Areas. Sustainability, 14(15), 9271. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159271

Klafke, F., Henning, E., & Barros, V. G. (2024). Using Machine Learning to Improve Vector Control, Public Health and Reduce Fragmentation of Urban Water Management. Hygiene, 4(1), 49–75. https://doi.org/10.3390/hygiene4010004

Kock, N. (2015). Common Method Bias in PLS-SEM. International Journal of E-Collaboration, 11(4), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.4018/ijec.2015100101

Kösters, M., Bichai, F., & Schwartz, K. (2020). Institutional inertia: challenges in urban water management on the path towards a water-sensitive Surabaya, Indonesia. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 36(1), 50–68. https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2019.1662378

López Porras, G., & Allard, P. (2025). Making waves: Public health risks from arsenic in Mexico’s water extraction practices. Water Research X, 26, 100283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wroa.2024.100283

Mardiansjah, F. H., Rahayu, P., & Rukmana, D. (2021). New Patterns of Urbanization in Indonesia: Emergence of Non-statutory Towns and New Extended Urban Regions. Environment and Urbanization ASIA, 12(1), 11–26. https://doi.org/10.1177/0975425321990384

Marfai, M. A., Ahmada, B., Mutaqin, B., & Windayati, R. (2020). Dive resort mapping and network analysis: Water resources management in pemuteran coastal area, Bali - Indonesia. Geographia Technica, 15(2), 106–116. https://doi.org/10.21163/GT_2020.152.11

Moravej, M., Renouf, M. A., Kenway, S., & Urich, C. (2022). What roles do architectural design and on-site water servicing technologies play in the water performance of residential infill? Water Research, 213, 118109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2022.118109

Mulyana, W., & Prasojo, E. (2020). Indonesia urban water governance: The interaction between the policy domain of urban water sector and actors network. International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning, 15(2), 211-218. https://doi.org/10.18280/ijsdp.150211

Murthy, R. N. S., Srikonda, R., & Kasinath, I. V. (2022). Traditional Water Management Systems of India. ISVS E-Journal, 9(2), 61–77. https://www.isvshome.com/pdf/ISVS_9-2/ISVS9.2.5Satyanarayana.pdf

Naqash, M., Syed, T., Alqahtani, S., Siddiqui, M., Alzahrani, A., & Nauman, M. (2023). A Blockchain Based Framework for Efficient Water Management and Leakage Detection in Urban Areas. Urban Science, 7(4), 99. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci7040099

Niu, F. (2020). Green technology of water system of high-rise building based on scientific sustainable environment development. International Journal of Environmental Technology and Management, 23(2/3/4), 185. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJETM.2020.112957

Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric Theory: 2d ed. McGraw-Hill.

Oliveira, C. F., do Valle Junior, R. F., Valera, C. A., Rodrigues, V. S., Sanches Fernandes, L. F., & Pacheco, F. A. L. (2019). The modeling of pasture conservation and of its impact on stream water quality using Partial Least Squares-Path Modeling. Science of The Total Environment, 697, 134081. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134081

Ostrom, E. (2010). Polycentric systems for coping with collective action and global environmental change. Global Environmental Change, 20(4), 550–557. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2010.07.004

Palazzoli, I., Montanari, A., & Ceola, S. (2022). Influence of Urban Areas on Surface Water Loss in the Contiguous United States. AGU Advances, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.1029/2021AV000519

Parwita, I. G. L. M., Dharma, I. G. B. S., Yekti, M. I., Pariartha, I. P. G. S., & Tarigan, Z. J. H. (2023). Sustainable Clean Water Supply Management In The South Bali, Indonesia. Water Conservation & Management, 8(1), 01–10. https://doi.org/10.26480/wcm.01.2024.01.10

Parwita, I. G. L., Mudhina, M., Yasada, G., & Rachsiriwatcharabul, N. (2020). Water management study in Denpasar, Badung, Gianyar and Tabanan (SARBAGITA) area. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1450(1), 012028. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1450/1/012028

Pradana, A. F., & Yuniarto, A. (2023). Analisis Kehilangan Air Dengan Metode Neraca Air dan Infrastructure Leakage Index (ILI) Pada PDAM Surya Sembada Kota Surabaya. Jukung (Jurnal Teknik Lingkungan), 9(1). https://dx.doi.org/10.20527/jukung.v9i1.18630

Pradipta, I. G. NG. G. A., & Putri, L. G. S. (2024). Sustainable Water Governance Based on the Local Wisdom of Tri Hita Karana and Sad Kertih Values: Impact for Environmental Sustainability. International Journal of Environmental Impacts, 7(2), 181–190. https://doi.org/10.18280/ijei.070203

Prasetyawan, Y., Yuwana, L., Yuniarto, A., Tira, A., Kurniawan, F. R., & Wardani, I. O. K. (2019). Integrated manufacturing system framework for sustainable maritime tourism. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 508, 012094. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/508/1/012094

Razmjoo, A., Khalili, N., Majidi Nezhad, M., Mokhtari, N., & Davarpanah, A. (2020). The main role of energy sustainability indicators on the water management. Modeling Earth Systems and Environment, 6(3), 1419–1426. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-00758-1

Rihendyh, A. R., Yuniarto, A., & Wahyuningsih, I. (2020). Analysis of The Increasing Need of Drinking Water as The Effect of High-rise Building Growth in Eastern Surabaya. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 506(1), 012037. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/506/1/012037

Sedrez, M., Xie, J., & Cheshmehzangi, A. (2021). Integrating Water Sensitive Design in the Architectural Design Studio in China: Challenges and Outcomes. Sustainability, 13(9), 4853. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13094853

Sharma, S. K., Seetharaman, A., & Maddulety, K. (2021). Framework for Sustainable Urban Water Management in Context of Governance, Infrastructure, Technology and Economics. Water Resources Management, 35(12), 3903–3913. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-021-02916-1

Sholihah, M., Anityasari, M., & Maftuhah, D. I. (2017). Suitability assessment of the urban water management transition in the Indonesian context - A case study of Surabaya. AIP Conference Proceedings, 1855(1), 050009. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4985523

Sørup, H. J. D., Brudler, S., Godskesen, B., Dong, Y., Lerer, S. M., Rygaard, M., & Arnbjerg-Nielsen, K. (2020). Urban water management: Can UN SDG 6 be met within the Planetary Boundaries? Environmental Science & Policy, 106, 36–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2020.01.015

Starzyk, A., Marchwiński, J., Maciejewska, E., Bujak, P., Rybak-Niedziółka, K., Grochulska-Salak, M., & Skutnik, Z. (2023). Resilience in urban and architectural design—The issue of sustainable development for areas associated with an embankment. Sustainability, 15(11), 9064. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15119064

Sutomo, S., Sagala, S., Sutomo, B. Wrinrti, S., & Gelant S. (2021). Accelerating the Provision of Safe Water Supply in Urban and Rural Areas of Indonesia. Kesmas, 16(3), 137-144. https://doi.org/10.21109/kesmas.v16i3.5225

Well, F, & Ludwig, F. (2021). Development of an Integrated Design Strategy for Blue-Green Architecture. Sustainability, 13(14), 7944. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13147944

Widhiawati, I. A. R., Wiryasa, N. M. A., Sudarsana, D. K., & Harmayani, K. D. (2024). Alternative determination of customer classification of wastewater management services. AIP Conference Proceedings, 3110(1), 020039. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0204901

Wold, H. (1980). Model Construction and Evaluation When Theoretical Knowledge Is Scarce. In Evaluation of Econometric Models (pp. 47–74). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-416550-2.50007-8

Wold, H. (1983). Systems Analysis by Partial Least Squares. IIASA. https://pure.iiasa.ac.at/id/eprint/2336/7/CP-83-046.pdf

Download

Share

COinS
 
 

To view the content in your browser, please download Adobe Reader or, alternately,
you may Download the file to your hard drive.

NOTE: The latest versions of Adobe Reader do not support viewing PDF files within Firefox on Mac OS and if you are using a modern (Intel) Mac, there is no official plugin for viewing PDF files within the browser window.