Removal of Pb2+ and Cd2+ from Aqueous Solutions using POCl3 Cross-linked Carboxymethyl Derivatives of Legume Starch

Authors

Ayodele Akinterinwa, Department of Chemistry, Modibbo Adama University of Technology, Yola P.M.B. 2076, NigeriaFollow
Ebun Oladele, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure P.M.B. 704, Nigeria
Albert Adebayo, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure P.M.B. 704, Nigeria
Olubode Ajayi, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure P.M.B. 704, Nigeria

Abstract

Starch was extracted from Kwakil beans and cross-linked with POCl₃ (1% v/w of starch dry basis [db]). The cross-linked starch (PCS) derivative was carboxymethylated with sodium monochloroacetate (5% to 30% w/w of starch db) to obtain cross-linked carboxymethyl starch (PCCS) derivatives. The derivatives were used in the adsorption of Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺, and the process was monitored using atomic adsorption spectrometer. Carboxymethylation enhanced adsorption of ions (Cd²⁺, 95% to 96%; Pb, 65% to 94%), and it was more appreciable with Pb²⁺ than Cd²⁺ as degree of substitution increased from 0.008 to 0.052. This was attributed to selective ion exchange, steric and stereochemical effects of the carboxymethyl groups. Derivatives were characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Adsorption increased with pH and adsorbent dosage but decreased when temperature and interfering ion (i.e., Na⁺ and Ca²⁺) concentrations increased. Adsorption equilibrium was reached in 5 min. Kinetic parameters of Pb²⁺ fitted the pseudo-second-order model (R² = 0.9999), while Cd²⁺ fitted the pseudo-first-order model (R² = 0.9978). Isotherm parameters of Pb²⁺ fitted Langmuir model (R² = 0.9989), while Cd²⁺ fitted Freundlich model (R² = 0.9689). These parameters inferred the involvement of different combinations of physisorption and chemisorption mechanisms in the adsorption of Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺. However, the thermodynamic parameters indicated the dominance of the physisorption mechanism in the overall exothermic process (∆H = −15.51 and −9.79 kJ·mol⁻¹ for Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺, respectively). Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺ were recovered (≈100%) in 1 M HNO₃, and efficient re-adsorption (>80%) was obtained till third reuse cycle. Product was used to treat wastewater and the heavy metals were efficiently removed.

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Recommended Citation

Akinterinwa, Ayodele; Oladele, Ebun; Adebayo, Albert; and Ajayi, Olubode (2020) "Removal of Pb2+ and Cd2+ from Aqueous Solutions using POCl3 Cross-linked Carboxymethyl Derivatives of Legume Starch," Makara Journal of Science: Vol. 24: Iss. 3, Article 4.
DOI: 10.7454/mss.v24i3.1201
Available at: https://scholarhub.ui.ac.id/science/vol24/iss3/4