Abstract
Effectiveness of Neurodevelopmental Treatment (NDT) in Children with Spastic Diplegia Cerebral Palsy: A Systematic Review
Background:
Neurodevelopmental Treatment (NDT) is commonly used in pediatric rehabilitation to improve motor function in children with cerebral palsy, particularly those with spastic diplegia.
Methods:
This systematic review followed PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Seven studies published between 2018 and 2024 were identified through electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, ProQuest, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, and Crossref.
Results:
The included studies reported improvements in gross motor function, posture, balance, and daily functional independence following NDT, particularly when combined with other therapeutic interventions. However, outcome measures and intervention protocols varied across studies.
Conclusion:
Neurodevelopmental Treatment may provide potential benefits for improving gross motor function and functional abilities in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy, although the certainty of evidence remains limited.
Bahasa Abstract
Background:
Neurodevelopmental Treatment (NDT) is commonly used in pediatric rehabilitation to improve motor function in children with cerebral palsy, particularly those with spastic diplegia.
Methods:
This systematic review followed PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Seven studies published between 2018 and 2024 were identified through electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, ProQuest, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, and Crossref.
Results:
The included studies reported improvements in gross motor function, posture, balance, and daily functional independence following NDT, particularly when combined with other therapeutic interventions. However, outcome measures and intervention protocols varied across studies.
Conclusion:
Neurodevelopmental Treatment may provide potential benefits for improving gross motor function and functional abilities in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy, although the certainty of evidence remains limited.
References
Abbas, Z. U., Ahmed, U., Sharif, F., Siddique, K., Shan E Fatima, S., and Ajmal, M. 2024. “Effects of Routine Physical Therapy with and without Kinesio Taping in Improving Gross Motor Function in Sitting and Standing in Spastic Diplegic Cerebral Palsy Children.” Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies 39 (December 2023): 666–672. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbmt.2023.11.049.
Agung Hermawan. 2018. “Perbedaan Pengaruh Penambahan Dry Needling Pada Neuro Development Treatment (NDT) Terhadap Gross Motor Pada Anak Cerebral Palsy Spastic Diplegi.” [Tidak dipublikasikan].
Ajaya, K. Sah, and G. K. B. S. A. 2018. “Effects of Task-Oriented Activities Based on Neurodevelopmental Therapy Principles on Trunk Control, Balance, and Gross Motor Function in Children with Spastic Diplegic Cerebral Palsy: A Single-Blinded Randomized Clinical Trial.” Journal of Pediatric Neurosciences 13 (2): 176–181. https://doi.org/10.4103/jpn.jpn.
Bhattacharjee, S. 2021. “A Review on the Types, Risk Factors, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Cerebral Palsy.” Indian Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 31 (4): 96–100. https://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10066-0088.
BKPK, K. 2023. Survey Kesehatan Indonesia Tahun 2023 dalam Angka. Kementerian Kesehatan Badan Kebijakan Pembangunan Kesehatan Indonesia.
Cubukcu, D., and Karaoglu, P. 2020. “The Effects of Neuro-Developmental Treatment Based Rehabilitation on Gross Motor Function in Children with Spastic Cerebral Palsy.” Journal of Dr. Behcet Uz Children's. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&profile=ehost&scope=site&authtype=crawler&jrnl=21462372&an=142608759.
Emara. 2015. “Effect of a New Physical Therapy Concept on Dynamic Balance in Children with Spastic Diplegic Cerebral Palsy.” Egyptian Journal of Medical Human Genetics. https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ejhg/article/view/112388.
Gorter, J. W., and Currie, S. J. 2011. “Aquatic Exercise Programs for Children and Adolescents with Cerebral Palsy: What Do We Know and Where Do We Go?” International Journal of Pediatrics 2011: 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/712165.
Iftikhar, L., et al. 2024a. “Effectiveness of Abdominal Activation on Motor Control in Diplegic Cerebral Palsy: A Randomized Control Trial.” Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 18 (1): 11–13. https://doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs0202418111.
Iftikhar, L., et al. 2024b. “Effect of Neuro-Developmental Abdominal Activation on Gross Motor Function and Muscle Tone in Spastic Diplegic Cerebral Palsy Children.” Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v31i7.6942.
Kalaichandran, K., and Swarnakumari, D. P. 2019. “Neuro Developmental Treatment (NDT) for Cerebral Palsy: A Clinical Study.” IJISRT 4 (5). https://ijisrt.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/IJISRT19MY157.pdf.
Khan, A. K., et al. 2022. “Effects of Neurodevelopmental Therapy on Gross Motor Function and Postural Control in Children with Spastic Cerebral Palsy: A Randomized Controlled Trial.” Pakistan Biomedical Journal: 298–304. https://doi.org/10.54393/pbmj.v5i5.418.
Khanna, S., Arunmozhi, R., and Goyal, C. 2023. “Neurodevelopmental Treatment in Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Review of the Literature.” Cureus. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.50389.
Labaf, S., et al. 2015. “Effects of Neurodevelopmental Therapy on Gross Motor Function in Children with Cerebral Palsy.” Iranian Rehabilitation Journal 9 (2).
Lee, K. H., et al. 2017. “Efficacy of Intensive Neurodevelopmental Treatment for Children with Developmental Delay, with or without Cerebral Palsy.” Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine 41 (1): 90–96. https://doi.org/10.5535/arm.2017.41.1.90.
Lucas, B. R., et al. 2016. “Interventions to Improve Gross Motor Performance in Children with Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A Meta-Analysis.” BMC Pediatrics 16 (1): 193. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-016-0731-6.
Macwilliams, B. A., et al. 2022. “Discrimination between Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia and Cerebral Palsy Based on Gait Analysis Data: A Machine Learning Approach.” Gait & Posture 98: 34–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2022.08.011.
Macwilliams, B., et al. 2020. “Causal Factors Affecting Gross Motor Function in Children Diagnosed with Cerebral Palsy.” PLOS ONE. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0270121.
Morgan, P., and McGinley, J. L. 2018. “Cerebral Palsy.” In Handbook of Clinical Neurology, vol. 159, 323–336. Elsevier B.V. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-63916-5.00020-3.
Patel, D. R., et al. 2020. “Cerebral Palsy in Children: A Clinical Overview.” Translational Pediatrics. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7082248/.
Pavone, P., et al. 2021. “Cerebral Palsy and Epilepsy in Children: Clinical Perspectives on a Common Comorbidity.” Children 8 (1): 16. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8010016.
Prakash, S., Jv’n, and Singh, V. 2024. “Effect of Neuro-Development Treatment with Roods Approach on Posture Control and Balance in Cerebral Palsy Children.” Medpulse International Journal of Physiotherapy 29 (1): 1–5. https://doi.org/10.55487/mj9p4506.
Primadasa, G. F., and Widodo, A. 2022. “Case Study: Efektivitas Neuro Developmental Treatment pada Cerebral Palsy Spastic Diplegia.” Jurnal. http://download.garuda.kemdikbud.go.id/article.php?article=3529461.
Reddi, A., and Ravi, K. 2023. “The Effectiveness of Neuro Developmental Therapy with Myofascial Release on Gross Motor Function of Children with Spastic Cerebral Palsy.” International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12 (6): 1941–1945. https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23618202159.
Ryan, J. M., et al. 2022. “Associations between Gait Kinematics, Gross Motor Function and Physical Activity among Young People with Cerebral Palsy: A Cross Sectional Study.” Physiotherapy Practice and Research 43 (1): 71–80. https://doi.org/10.3233/ppr-200411.
Sadowska, M., Sarecka-Hujar, B., et al. 2020. “Cerebral Palsy: Current Opinions on Definition, Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Classification and Treatment Options.” Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. https://doi.org/10.2147/ndt.s235165.
Salfi, Q. N., Saharso, D., and Atika, A. 2019. “Profile of Cerebral Palsy Patients in Dr. Soetomo General Hospital Surabaya, Indonesia.” Biomolecular and Health Science Journal 2 (1): 13. https://doi.org/10.20473/bhsj.v2i1.12803.
Swiggum, M. S., Knowlton, J., and Powers, D. 2021. “Short-Term and Sustained Effects of a Three-Week Neuro-Developmental Treatment Intensive: A Case Series Report.” Neurorehabilitation 48 (1): 19–27. https://doi.org/10.3233/nre-201525.
Tekin, F. 2018. “Effectiveness of Neuro-Developmental Treatment (Bobath Concept) on Postural Control and Balance in Cerebral Palsied Children.” Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation 31 (2): 397–403. https://doi.org/10.3233/bmr-170813.
Upadhyay, J., Tiwari, N., and Ansari, M. N. 2020. “Cerebral Palsy: Aetiology, Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Interventions.” Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology 47 (12): 1891–1901. https://doi.org/10.1111/1440-1681.13379.
Wang, X., Teh, S. H., and Wang, X. H. 2024. “Knowledge Mapping of Spastic Cerebral Palsy: A Bibliometric Analysis of Global Research (2000–2022).” Italian Journal of Pediatrics 50 (1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13052-024-01577-1.
Zai, W., et al. 2022. “Effect of Task-Oriented Training on Gross Motor Function, Balance and Activities of Daily Living in Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” Medicine 101 (44). https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000031565.
Zanon, M. 2018. “Neurodevelopmental Treatment Approaches for Children with Cerebral Palsy.” Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2018 (8). https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd011937.pub2.
Recommended Citation
Izdihar, Haunan Naja and Pratama, Aditya Denny
(2026)
"Analysis of the Effect of Neuro-Developmental Treatment (NDT) on Gross Motor Function in Children with Spastic Diplegic Cerebral Palsy: A Systematic Review,"
Jurnal Vokasi Indonesia: Vol. 13:
No.
2, Article 6.
Available at:
https://scholarhub.ui.ac.id/jvi/vol13/iss2/6
Included in
Neurosciences Commons, Pediatrics Commons, Physical Therapy Commons, Physiotherapy Commons






