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Abstract

This article analyzes the paradigm shift in the Transfer of Sentenced Persons (TSP) from a regime oriented towards the rehabilitation and social reintegration of prisoners to a new configuration increasingly driven by state interests, such as national security, prison population management, immigration policy, budget efficiency, diplomatic calculations, and human rights image. Based on a legal-normative approach combined with institutional analysis and a comparison of practices in various jurisdictions, this paper shows how the principle of consensualism, initially interpreted as "trilateral consent" (the sentencing state, the receiving state, and the prisoner), has fragmented into three models: compulsory, voluntary, and hybrid, with direct implications for the autonomy of prisoners in the decision-making process. This article also shows how the classic prohibition on transferring prisoners sentenced to death through the TSP scheme is reconstructed through various sentence-conversion formulas and policy engineering. At the governance level, TSP is shifting from a predominantly judicial mechanism to a series of administrative and cross-sectoral coordination decisions, with the executive and inter-ministerial networks playing a central role.

Bahasa Abstract

Artikel ini menganalisis pergeseran paradigma Transfer of Sentenced Persons (TSP) dari rezim yang berorientasi pada rehabilitasi dan reintegrasi sosial narapidana menuju konfigurasi baru yang semakin digerakkan oleh kepentingan negara, seperti keamanan nasional, pengelolaan populasi penjara, politik imigrasi, efisiensi anggaran, serta kalkulasi diplomatik dan citra hak asasi manusia. Berangkat dari pendekatan yuridis-normatif yang dipadukan dengan analisis institusional dan perbandingan praktik di berbagai yurisdiksi, tulisan ini menunjukkan bagaimana prinsip konsensualisme yang semula dimaknai sebagai “trilateral consent” (negara pemidana, negara penerima, dan narapidana) mengalami fragmentasi ke dalam tiga model: compulsory, voluntary, dan hybrid, dengan implikasi langsung terhadap posisi otonomi narapidana dalam proses pengambilan keputusan. Artikel ini juga memperlihatkan bagaimana larangan klasik terhadap pemindahan narapidana hukuman mati melalui skema TSP mulai direkonstruksi melalui berbagai formula konversi hukuman dan rekayasa kebijakan. Di tingkat tata kelola, TSP tampak bergeser dari mekanisme yang dominan yudisial menjadi rangkaian keputusan administratif dan koordinatif lintas sektor, dengan peran sentral eksekutif dan jaringan antar-kementerian.

References

Buku

United Nations, Model Agreement on the Transfer of Foreign Prisoners and Recommendations on the Treatment of Foreign Prisoners (New York: United Nations, 1985).

UNODC, Handbook on the International Transfer of Sentenced Persons (2012)

Artikel Ilmiah

Aminu, Muhammad. “The Politics of Negotiation and Agreement: A Case Study of Nigeria uk Negotiations and Agreements on Immigration Returns and Transfer of Sentenced Persons 2005–2014” Disertasi Doktor Loughborough University (2022).

Bosworth, Mary. “Penal Humanitarianism? Sovereign Power in an Era of Mass Migration.” New Criminal Law Review Vol. 20 No. 1 (2017): 39–65.

Montaldo, S. “Framework Decision 2008/909/JHA on the transfer of prisoners in the EU: Advances and challenges in light of the Italian experience,” New Journal of European Criminal Law, 11 (2019): 69-92.

Peraturan Perundang-undangan

Amerika Serikat. 18 U.S.C. §§ 4100–4115.

Australia, International Transfer Of Prisoners Act 1997.

Australia, Crimes and Other Legislation Amendment (Omnibus) Bill 2023.

Kanada, An Act to implement treaties and administrative arrangements on the international transfer of persons found guilty of criminal offences1997.

Dokumen Internasional

Council of Europe. Convention on the Transfer of Sentenced Persons (ETS No. 112) (Strasbourg: Council of Europe, 1983).

Council of Europe. Council Framework Decision 2008/909/JHA

Internet

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U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General Evaluation and Inspections Division. “The Department of Justice’s International Prisoner Transfer Program December 2011,” https://oig.justice.gov/reports/2011/e1202.pdf. Diakses 6 September 2025.

Tran, Mark. “Briton who faced flogging in Saudi Arabia returns to UK.” https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/nov/11/briton-karl-andree-flogging-saudi-arabia-returns-to-uk. Diakses 7 Oktober 2025

UK Government, “Foreign Secretary statement on the return of Karl Andree to the UK,” https://www.gov.uk/government/news/foreign-secretary-statement-on-the-return-of-karl-andree-to-the-uk. Diakses 7 Oktober 2025

UK Parliament. “Prisoner Transfer Agreements Volume 654: debated on Tuesday 5 February 2019.” https://hansard.parliament.uk/commons/2019-02-05/debates/473E9118-66A3-435C-832B-23EA0419D6E6/PrisonerTransferAgreements _. Diakses 14 Oktober 2025.

UK Parliament, “Prisoners' Transfers: Question for Ministry of Justice.” https://questions-statements.parliament.uk/written-questions/detail/2024-01-24/11410. diakses 14 Oktober 2025.

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), International Transfer of Sentenced Persons https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/organized-crime/transfer-of-sentenced-persons.html. Diakses 7 October 2025.

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