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Penggunaan Unconventional Weapons dalam Konflik Bersenjata Modern

Abstract

The use of unconventional weapons such as cluster munitions, white phosphorus, nuclear weapons, artificial intelligence-based autonomous systems (AI/LAWS), and military neurotechnology is increasingly dominating modern armed conflicts. The characteristics of these weapons, particularly their widespread effects, uncertainty of control, and potential for automatic escalation, can pose serious challenges to the application of the principles of distinction and proportionality in International Humanitarian Law (IHL), especially when used in densely populated areas. The modernization of nuclear systems, the accelerated integration of AI into military command, and the emergence of neurotechnology indicate a regulatory gap that could potentially undermine humanitarian protection. This study uses a doctrinal (normative) method to interpret international legal instruments, examine doctrine and state practice, and review a number of empirical illustrations from Syria, Gaza, Ukraine, and regional military dynamics. The results of the study show that most unconventional weapons present inherent challenges in ensuring compliance with distinction and proportionality, mainly due to their uncontrollable destructive nature and algorithmic uncertainty in AI-based systems.

Bahasa Abstract

Penggunaan unconventional weapons seperti cluster munitions, white phosphorus, senjata nuklir, sistem otonom berbasis kecerdasan buatan (AI/LAWS), dan neuroteknologi militer semakin mendominasi konflik bersenjata modern. Karakteristik senjata-senjata ini terutama pada efek sebar luas, ketidakpastian kontrol, dan potensi eskalasi otomatis dapat menimbulkan tantangan serius terhadap penerapan prinsip pembedaan (distinction) dan proporsionalitas (proportionality) dalam Hukum Humaniter Internasional (HHI), khususnya ketika digunakan di wilayah padat penduduk. Modernisasi sistem nuklir, percepatan integrasi AI dalam komando militer, serta munculnya neuroteknologi menunjukkan adanya kesenjangan regulasi yang berpotensi melemahkan perlindungan kemanusiaan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode doktrinal (normatif) untuk menafsirkan instrumen hukum internasional, menelaah doktrin dan state practice, serta mengkaji sejumlah ilustrasi empiris dari Suriah, Gaza, Ukraina, dan dinamika militer regional. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar senjata tidak konvensional menghadirkan tantangan inheren dalam memastikan kepatuhan terhadap distinction dan proportionality, terutama karena sifat destruktif yang sulit dikendalikan dan ketidakpastian algoritmik pada sistem berbasis AI.

References

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