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Menguak Status dan Legalitas Rupiah Digital sebagai Legal Tender (Perspektif Teori Keadilan Bermartabat)

Abstract

Digital technology and modern telecommunications have been and will continue to be key factors in the emergence of various innovative products. One such innovative product is digital currency, specifically Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC). In Indonesia, advancements in digital technology and telecommunications have encouraged the government to issue a CBDC, which will be named Digital Rupiah. The initiative to issue Digital Rupiah also responds to global trends and the public's need for secure, efficient, and sustainable payment instruments.

However, the plan to issue Digital Rupiah is not without challenges, particularly regarding the clarity of its legal status as a lawful means of payment or legal tender. Using a normative legal research method, this study finds that Article 23B of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia (UUD NRI 1945) does not explicitly regulate the types of digital currency. There exists a *rechtsvacuum* (legal void) concerning the legal tender status of Digital Rupiah at the constitutional level. Additionally, from a technical-juridical perspective, concrete legal regulations regarding the status and legal tender legality of Digital Rupiah, in parity with paper and coin Rupiah, remain insufficiently comprehensive. Such legal conditions have the potential to create ambiguity and uncertainty. Nevertheless, this study identifies the emergence of a new law in the form of an omnibus law, which serves as a supporting framework for the solidity of the legal structure as well as a source of clarity on the meaning, status, and legality of Digital Rupiah. The clarity of such a legal framework is essential to solidify the innovation in the issuance and use of Digital Rupiah in the digital era. The legal framework for Digital Rupiah will support payment system efficiency, promote financial inclusion, and contribute to sustainable national economic growth. The legal theory guiding the research findings, which emphasizes the comprehensive regulation of CBDC, is the Dignified Justice Theory. According to this theory, while the need for legal comparison is unavoidable, Pancasila must remain the ultimate source of all legal principles governing the existence of Digital Rupiah.

Bahasa Abstract

Teknologi digital dan telekomunikasi modern telah dan akan terus menjadi faktor kemunculan berbagai macam produk inovatif. Satu di antara produk inovatif itu adalah mata uang digital (Central Bank Digital Currency/CBDC). Di Indonesia kemajuan teknologi digital dan telekomunikasi mendorong pemerintah menerbitkan CBDC yang akan dinamakan Rupiah Digital. Inisiatif penerbitan Rupiah Digital juga untuk merespons tren global dan kebutuhan masyarakat akan instrumen pembayaran yang aman dan efisien serta berkelanjutan. Namun, rencana penerbitan Rupiah Digital bukan tanpa masalah. Utamanya, permasalahan terkait kejelasan status legalitas Rupiah Digital sebagai alat pembayaran yang sah atau legal tender. Menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif, penelitian ini menemukan bahwa benar Pasal 23B UUD NRI 1945 belum tegas mengatur tentang macam mata uang digital. Ada rechtsvacuum dari status legal tender Rupiah Digital di aras konstitusi. Selain secara teknis yuridis belum terlalu komprehensif peraturan hukum konkret mengenai status dan legalitas legal tender dari Rupiah Digital dalam kesetaraannya dengan Rupiah Kertas dan Logam. Kondisi hukum demikian berpotensi menimbulkan ketidakjelasan dan ketidakpastian. Namun, penelitian ini menemukan bahwa ada hukum baru berbentuk undang-undang omnibus, kerangka penopang bagi soliditas struktur hukum serta sumber kejelasan makna dan kepastian status serta legalitas dari Rupiah Digital. Kejelasan kerangka pengaturan hukum yang demikian itu dibutuhkan untuk mengukuhkan inovasi penerbitan dan penggunaan Rupiah Digital di era digital. Kerangka hukum Rupiah Digital bakal mendukung efisiensi sistem pembayaran, mendorong inklusi keuangan, dan berkontribusi pada pertumbuhan ekonomi nasional secara berkelanjutan. Teori hukum yang menavigasi temuan penelitian yang menghargai kerangka pengaturan hukum CBDC secara komprehensif tersebut adalah teori Keadilan Bermartabat. Dengan teori Keadilan Bermartabat, sekalipun tidak terhindarkan adanya kebutuhan perbandingan hukum, Pancasila tetap harus menjadi sumber segala sumber hukum keberadaan Rupiah Digital.

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