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DOI

10.21143/jhp.vol46.no2.74

Abstract

It is very likely that most environmental crimes involve corporation, in the sense that the crimes were conducted within the scope of corporation and on behalf of the corporation. This contribution attempts to answer the questions of how corporate criminal liability has evolved in several jurisdictions, and how this concept has been interpreted and implemented in Indonesia. The contribution explains the development of corporate criminal liability, and classifies it into liability for corporation and liability for corporate officers. Based on such theoretical foundations, the contribution critically analyses the formulation of corporate criminal liability and officers' liability in various legislations related to environmental protection and in various court decisions in Indonesia. It is observed that some laws and rulings failed to make a clear distinction between criminal liability for corporation and that for its high ranking officers. The failure result in some rulings where a corporation being held liable although it was not a defendant, or a director was likely to be put in jail although he was not a defendant. The contribution recommends some changes in corporate and officers' criminal liability in Indonesia. In particular, this contribution criticizies the use of individual criminal liability, and argues that to hold an officer liable the government needs to prove the contribution of the officer in the criminal conduct.

Bahasa Abstract

Sangat mungkin bahwa sebagian besar kejahatan lingkungan rnelibatkan korporasi, dalam arti bahwa kejahatan dilakukan dalam lingkup korporasi dan atas nama korporasi. Kontribusi ini mencoba untuk mer,jawab pertanyaan­ pertanyaan tentang bagaimana tanggung jawab pidana korporasi telah berkembang dalam beberapa yurisdiksi, dan bagaimana konsep ini telah ditafsirkan dan diimplernentasikan di Indonesia. kontribusi menjelaskan perkembangan pertanggungjawaban pidana korporasi, dan mengklasifikasikan menjadi kewajiban bagi perusahaan dan kewajiban untuk pejabat perusahaan. Berdasarkan teori dasar tersebut, tulisan ini kritis menganalisa perumusan pertanggungjawaban pidana korporasi dan kewajiban petugas 'dalam berbagai peraturan perundang-undangan yang terkait dengan perlindungan lingkungan dan dalam berbagai keputusan pengadilan di Indonesia. Diamati bahwa beberapa hukum dan putusan, gaga/ membuat perbedaan yang jelas antara tanggung jawab pidana untuk korporasi dan untuk pejabat yang tinggi. Hasil kegagalan dalarn beberapa putusan terhadap sebuah perusahaan yang dimintai tanggung jawab meskipun itu bukan terdakwa; atau direktur kemungkinan besar akan dimasukkan ke dalam penjara meskipun ia bukan terdakwa. Tulisan ini merekornendasikan beberapa perubahan dalam perusahaan dan tanggung jawab pidana pejabat di Indonesia. Secara khusus, tulisan ini mengkritisi penggunaan pertanggungjawaban pidana individu, dan berpendapat bahwa untuk mengadakan petugas tanggung jawab pemerintah perlu membuktikan kontribusi dari petugas dalam melakukan kejahatan

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