•  
  •  
 

DOI

10.21143/jhp.vol56.no.2.2340

Abstract

The development of Artificial Intelligence in the music industry raises new legal challenges within copyright law, particulary regarding the use of copyrighted musical works as training data for AI algorithms, AI training processes typically involve digital reproduction, dataset storage, and musical pattern extraction, often conducted without consent or attribution, thereby posing risks to the protection of authors moral rights. This article examines whether AI training activities ca be legally classified as reproduction under Indonesia’s Copyright Law (Law No. 28 of 2014) and analyzes their implications for the protection of moral rights. Using a normative legal research method with statutory, conceptual, and limited comparative approaches, particularly referencing the European Union’s regulation of Text and Data Mining and AI governance. This study finds that AI training processes normatively fulfill the elements of reproduction, both temporary and permanent. Furthermore, such practices result in systemic neglect of author’s moral rights duet o the loss of attribution and the opacity of algorithmic system. The article argues that Indonesia’s copyright framework including the 2025 Draft Copyright Bill, remains largely output-oriented and does not adequately regulate the use of copyright works as input for AI training. Therefore, a legal reform is necessary to explicitly recognize AI training as a form of copyright relevant use to ensure effective protection of authors moral rights in the artificial intelligence era.

Bahasa Abstract

Perkembangan Kecerdasan Artifisial dalam industri musik menimbulkan persoalan hukum baru dalam rezim hak cipta, khususnya terkait penggunaan karya musik berhak cipta sebagai data pelatihan algoritma. Proses pelatihan algoritma umumnya melibatkan penggandaan digital, penyimpanan dataset, dan ekstraksi pola musikal yang kerap dilakukan tanpa persetujuan maupun atribusi kepada pencipta sehingga berpotensi mengabaikan hak moral dan hak ekonomi pencipta. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis apakah pelatihan algoritma dapat dikualifikasikan sebagai bentuk penggandaan karya menurut Undang-Undang Nomor 28 Tahun 2014 Hak Cipta Tentang Hak Cipta serta menelaah implikasinya terhadap perlindungan hak moral pencipta. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, konseptual, dan perbandingan terbatas, khususnya dengan mengkaji pengaturan mengenai Text and Data Mining dan tata kelola Uni Eropa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pelatihan algoritma secara normatif memenuhi unsur penggandaan karya, baik bersifat sementara maupun permanen, serta menciptakan pengabaian yang sistematis terhadap hak moral pencipta melalui hilangnya atribusi dan ketertutupan proses kerja algoritma. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan pembaruan hukum yang secara eksplisit mengakui pelatihan algoritma AI sebagai bentuk penggunaan karya berhak cipta guna menjamin perlindungan hak pencipta di era kecerdasan artifisial.

References

Artikel jurnal

Abdi, Asep Saiful, dan Ade Adhari, “Perlindungan Hak Cipta Atas Kecerdasan Buatan (Artificial Intelligence) Dapat Mewujudkan Kepastian Hukum di Indonesia”, Kertha Semaya : Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, Vol. 13, No.10, (2025). Hlm. 2318.

Adil S. Al-Busaidi, et.al, “Redefining Boundaries in Innovation and Knowledge Domains: Investigating the Impact of Generative Artificial Intelligence on Copyright and Intellectual Property Rights”, Journal of Innovation and Knowledge, Vol. 9, No. 4, (2024). Hlm. 1-28.

Ahmad Arifin, et.al, “Analisis Yuridis Hak Cipta Kepada User Atas Karya Hasul Generative Artificial Intelligence di Indonesia”, At-Tanwir Law Review, Vol. 5, No. 2, (2025). Hlm. 424-425.

Alec Radford, et. all, “CLIP: Learning Transerable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervision”, MYRIAD, (2021). Hlm. 3-11.

Cheng Chi, “The Clash of Theories: Semiotic Democracy and Personality Theory in Intellectual Property Law”, Law and World, Vol. 9, No. 2, (2023). Hlm. 17-18.

Ernatudera, Wendelina, Arief Syahrul Alam, dan Andy Usmina Wijaya, “Tinjauan Yuridis Perlindugna Hak Moral Pencipta Berdasarkan Undang-Undang No. 28 Tahun 2014”, Jurnal Ilmu Hukum WIjaya Putra, Vol. 1, No. 2, (2023). Hlm. 189-202.

Gayatri, Ni Made Laksamita Surya, dan Putu Aras Samsithawrati, “Pengaturan Hak Cipta Seni Generatif AI Di Indonesia: Perspektif Perbandingan Dengan Uni Eropa”, Kertha Wicara: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, Vol. 15, No. 5, (2025). Hlm. 292-305.

I Gusti et.al, “Pengaturan Hak Cipta Terhadap Karya yang Dihasilkan oleh Artificial Intelligence”, Jurnal Kertha Negara, Vol. 13, No. 1. (2025). Hlm. 1407-1417.

Intan Puspita Sari, dan Mochammad Calvin Putra Haryadi, “Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Karya Digital di Era AI: Analisis Hak Cipta Dalam Konten yang Dihasilkan Oleh Kecerdasan Buatan”, Jurnal Hukum dan HAM Wara Sains, Vol. 4, No. 2, (2025). Hlm. 257-266.

Kalpana Tyagi, Copyright, Text & Data Mining and the Innovation Dimension of Generative AI, Journal of Intellectual Property Law and Practice, Vol.19, No. 7, (2024). Hlm. 557-570.

M Z, Putri & R W Rohaini, “Hak Cipta Atas Hasil Tulisan Kecerdasan Artifisial: Tinjauan Etika Kekayaan Intelektual Dan Status Kepemilikannya”, Jurnal Mahasiswa Humanis, Vol.5, No.2, (2025). Hlm. 1079-1094.

Mark A Lemley, and Bryan Casey, Fair Learning, 2020. Hlm. 101-181.

Muhammad Sultan Maulana, dan Made Aditya Pramana Putra, “Tinjauan Yuridis Komersialisi Hasil Karya Image Generator AI Dalam Perspektif Undang-Undang Hak Cipta”, Jurnal Media Akademik, Vol. 3, No.10 (Oktober 2025). Hlm. 1-14.

Pamela Samuelson, “Allocating Ownership Rights in Computer Generated Works”, Hein Online, Vol. 47, (1986). Hlm. 1192.

Robert Brauneis, et.al, “Copyright and the Training of Human Authors and Generative Machines”, Columbia Journal od Law & The Arts, 48, No. 1, (2024). Hlm. 1-59.

Rosdiani Adiningsih, et. al, “Analisis Bibliometrik: Pengaruh AI Terhadap Musik”, Jurnal Etika Teknologi Informasi, Vol. 1, No. 1, (November 2024). Hlm. 1-9.

Syahrizal, “Tanggungjawab Hukum dalam Kasus Pelanggaran Hak Cipta oleh Artificial Intelligence di Indonesia”, FOCUS Jurnal of Social Studies, Vol. 6, No. 2, (2025). Hlm. 96-106.

Utami, Lili Sekararum, Subianta Mandala, dan Darwati, “Legal Aspects of Moral Rights and Economic Rights in Music Creation Using AI Music Generators”, Jurnal Pendidikan Indonesia, Vol. 6, No. 6, (2025). Hlm. 2925-2936.

Y. Bengio, A. Courville and P. Vincent, “Representation Learning; A Review and New Perspectives”, in IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol. 35, No. 8, (April 2014). Hlm. 1-30.

Buku

David W Kennedy, A Critique of Adjudication: Fin de Siecle, 22 Cardozo L. Rev. 991, 2001.

Geraint A. Winggiss, Marcus T. Pearce, and Daniel Mullensiefen, Computational Modelling of Music Cognition and Musical Creativity. London: The Oxfoord Handbook of Computer Music, 2012.

Ian Goodfellow, et. all, Deep Learning, Cambridge: The MIT Press, London, 2017.

Jean-Pierre Briot, Gaëtan Hadjeres, and François-David Pachet, Deep Learning Techniques for Music Generation, Switzerland: Springer Nature, 2020

Jonathan Ho, Ajay Jain and Pieter Abbeel, Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Models, Conference on Neural Information Processing System (NeurIPS), Vancouver: Canada, 2020.

Rusdin Tahir, et.all, Metodologi Penelitian Bidang Hukum: Suatu Pendekatan Teori dan Praktik, Jambi: PT. Sonpedia Publishing Indonesia, 2023.

Shoshana Zuboff, The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power, New York: Public Affairs, 2019.

Peraturan perundang-undangan

Undang-Undang Tentang Hak Cipta Nomor 28 Tahun 2014.

Badan Keahlian DPR RI, Naskah Akademik Rancangan Undang-Undang Tentang Hak Cipta, 2025.

European Parliament and Council, Directive (EU) 2019/790 on Copyright and Related Rights in The Digital Single Market

Artikel koran dan media

Cheng-Zhi Anna Huang. et.al, “Music Transformer: Generating Music With Long-Term Structure”, ICRL, Desember 2018.

Hrdy, Camilla Alexandra, “Trade Secrets and Artificial Intelligence, Trade Secrets and Artificial Intelligence Forthcoming in Elgar Concise Encyclopedia of Artificial Intelligence and the Law (Edward Elgar, eds. Ryan Abbott, Elizabeth Rothman, forthcoming, 2026)”, Rutgers Law School Research Paper, Juli 2025.

Download

Share

COinS