•  
  •  
 

Abstract

Lebanon has experienced a long political stalemate due to sectarian tensions. The negative effect of confessionalism theory makes sectarian identity stronger and ultimately results in instability and fragility of the Lebanese political system. The opposition demands political and economic reforms. The Lebanese general election, 15 May 2022, is expected to bring goodness to the Lebanese people. This paper wants to analyze the possibility of these changes. The results of the research show that the transformation of Lebanon towards a democratic government is always hindered by sectarian conflicts within the government. But through the results of the 2022 elections, there is hope for political reform in Lebanon. The election of 13 independent MPs is a celebration of democracy in the Middle East. This is a very important small step towards more peaceful and democratic political reforms in Lebanon.

Bahasa Abstract

Lebanon mengalami kebuntuan politik yang cukup lama, akibat ketegangan sektarian. Efek negatif teori konfesionalisme membuat identitas sektarian semakin kuat dan akhirnya menghasilkan ketidakstabilan dan kerapuhan sistem politik Lebanon. Oposisi menuntut reformasi politik dan ekonomi. Pemilihan umum Lebanon, 15 Mei 2022, diharapkan membawa kebaikan bagi masyarakat Lebanon. Tulisan ini ingin menganalisis kemungkinan perubahan tersebut. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa transformasi Lebanon menuju pemerintahan demokratis selalu terhalang oleh konflik sektarian di kalangan pemerintah. Tetapi melalui hasil pemilihan umum 2022, ada harapan bagi reformasi politik di Lebanon. Terpilihnya 13 anggota parlemen independen merupakan selebrasi bagi demokrasi di Timur Tengah. Ini adalah sebuah langkah kecil yang sangat penting menuju reformasi politik yang lebih damai dan demokratis di Lebanon.

References

Abed, D., Sawaya, R., & Tabbal, N. (2022). Analyzing Voter Turnout in Lebanon: Political Change in Times of Crisis.

Ahmad, A. (2018, Juni 26). “Lebanon’s new and complex electoral system baffles voters”. Arab News. https://www.arabnews.com/node/1297711/%7B%7B

Alabiad, R., & Katman, F. (2022). Religious Sectarianism and its Impact on Political Stability in Lebanon.

Assaf, N. (2004). Consociational Theory and Democratic Stability: A Re-examination; Case Study: Lebanon (Doctoral dissertation, University of Warwick).

Bahlawan, N. (2017). Non-democratic Elements in a Consociational Model: The Case of Lebanese Confessionalism. Acta Asiatica Varsoviensia, 1, 6-28.

Bahlawan, N. (2021). The Crisis of Confessionalism: Lebanon between Tradition and Modernity. Studia Polityczne, 49(3), 149-168.

Calfat, N. N. (2018). The frailties of Lebanese democracy: Outcomes and limits of the confessional framework. Contexto Internacional, 40, 269-293.

Chaaban, J. (2019). Mapping connections between Lebanon's banking sector and the ruling class. Crony Capitalism in the Middle East: Business and Politics from Liberalization to the Arab Spring, 330.

Ekmekji, A. A. (2012). Confessionalism and electoral reform in Lebanon. The Aspen Institute, 7(2012), 1-20.

El-Chaarani, H., & Abraham, R. (2022). The Impact of Corporate Governance and Political Connectedness on the Financial Performance of Lebanese Banks during the Financial Crisis of 2019–2021. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 15(5), 203.

El Rajji, R. (2014). The leaves of one tree: Religious minorities in Lebanon. London, England: Minority Rights Group International.

Etheredge, L. (Ed.). (2010). Syria, Lebanon, and Jordan. Britannica Educational Publishing

Fakhoury, T. (2014). Debating Lebanon's power-sharing model: an opportunity or an impasse for democratization studies in the Middle East?. The Arab Studies Journal, 22(1), 230-255.

Gadzhimuradova, G., & Rabat, L. (2020). Influence of Religious Identity on Lebanon’s Political System. Vostok. Afro-Aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, (5), 131-141.

Gilbert, M. D. (2018). Transparency and corruption: A general analysis. U. Chi. Legal F., 117.

Harb, A. (2018, Mei 5). “New law, new politics? Lebanon voting introduces complex system”. Middle East Eye. https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/new-law-new-politics-lebanon-voting-introduces-complex-system

Henley, A. D. (2016). Religious authority and sectarianism in Lebanon.

https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lebanon-conflict-idUSL0742599820080509

Horowitz, Donald L. (2008). Conciliatory Institutions and Constitutional Processes in Post-Conflict States. William and Mary Law Review 49: 1213-1248.

Kingston, P. W. (2013). Reproducing sectarianism: Advocacy networks and the politics of civil society in postwar Lebanon. Suny Press.

Krayem, H. (2009). Lebanon: Confessionalism and the crisis of democracy. Secularism, Women & the State: The Mediterranean World in the 21st Century, 67-76.

Makdisi, S., & Marktanner, M. (2009). Trapped by consociationalism: The case of Lebanon. Topics in Middle Eastern and North African Economies, 11.

Nelson, S. (2013). Is Lebanon’s confessional system sustainable?’. Journal of Politics & International Studies, 9(Summer), 332-387.

O’leary, B. (2005). Debating consociational politics: Normative and explanatory arguments. From power sharing to democracy: Post-conflict institutions in ethnically divided societies, 3, 14-15.

Pakradounian, L. (2018). For the Sake of Lebanon: Parties, Groups and Leaders (Doctoral dissertation, California State University, Northridge).

Perry, T. (2008, 9 Mei). Lebanon government denounces Hezbollah "coup" in Beirut. Reuters.

Rabil, R. (2011). Religion, national identity, and confessional politics in Lebanon: the challenge of Islamism. Springer.

Ramadan, K. (2020). Confessionalism in Lebanon: the costs of seeking consensus through fragmentation. Va. J. Int'l L., 61, 137.

Ruch, Z. (2018). Struggles In State Building In Multi-Ethnic And Multi-Religious Lebanon And Bosnia.

Salame, G. (1994). Democracy without democrats. The renewal of politics in the Muslim World.

Salamey, I. (2009). Failing consociationalism in Lebanon and integrative options. International Journal of Peace Studies, 83-105.

Salamey, I. (2013). The government and politics of Lebanon. Routledge.

Salamey, I., & Payne, R. (2008). Parliamentary consociationalism in Lebanon: equal citizenry vs. quotated confessionalism. The Journal of Legislative Studies, 14(4), 451-473.

Salibi, Kamal S. (1965). The Modern History of Lebanon. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson

Salloukh, B. F. (2017). The Syrian war: spillover effects on Lebanon. Middle East Policy, 24(1), 62-78.

Salloukh, B. F. (2019). Taif and the Lebanese state: the political economy of a very sectarian public sector. Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, 25(1), 43-60.

Salloukh, B. F., Barakat, R., Al-Habbal, J. S., Khattab, L. W., & Mikaelian, S. (2015). The politics of sectarianism in postwar Lebanon. London: Pluto Press.

Somsen, H. (2016). The rise & fall of confessionalism in the Netherlands: Linkages to Lebanon. Lecture. The Issam Fares Institute, Beirut, LB, 14.

The International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International IDEA), Country Report: Lebanon. https://www.idea.int/data-tools/country-view/169/40

The National Democratic Institute (NDI). (2018). Final Report Lebanon 2018 Parliamentary Elections. International Election Observation Study Mission

The National Democratic Institute (NDI). (2022). Final Report Lebanon May 2022 Parliamentary Elections. International Election Observation Study Mission

The Taif Agreement. (1989).

https://www.un.int/lebanon/sites/www.un.int/files/Lebanon/the_taif_agreement_english_version_.pdf

Traboulsi, Fawwaz. (2012). A History of Modern Lebanon. London: Pluto Press.

Trzciński, K. (2018). What is Power Sharing? Its Meaning and Three Types: Consociationalism, Centripetalism, and Hybrid Power Sharing. Studia Polityczne, 46(3), 9-30.

United Nations Security Council. (2008). Doha Agreement on the outcome of the meeting of the Lebanese Natonal Dialogue.

https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/Lebanon%20S2008392.pdf

وزارة الداخلية والبلديات اللبنانية. 2022. Lebanon

Download

Share

COinS