•  
  •  
 

Abstract

Turkey has been greatly impacted by the Syrian crisis. Its geographical proximity leads Turkey to become the main destination for Syrian refugees since the beginning of the crisis. This has resulted various changes in Turkey's political, social, and economic structures. The presence of Syrian refugees has become a turning point for Turkey in its relationship with the European Union, notably the implementation of the Open Door Policy. The European Union offered assistance to share the charge of this particular policy with Turkey regarding Syrian refugees. The EU's humanitarian program, represented by the Emergency Social Safety Net (ESSN) scheme, provides social assistance in the form of debit cards to meet the basic needs of Syrian refugees. This research uses qualitative research methods based on case studies and data collected from literature reviews. The aim of this study is to explain the Emergency Social Safety Net (ESSN) program as a response to the humanitarian needs of Syrian refugees in Turkey and the EU's migration control policy instrument with the implementation of the Open Door Policy.

Bahasa Abstract

Turki merupakan negara yang mendapatkan dampak besar krisis di Suriah. Letak geografisnya yang berdampingan menjadikan Turki menjadi negara tujuan utama para pengungsi Suriah sejak awal krisis melanda. Hal ini menjadikan Turki mengalami perubahan tatanan secara politik, sosial, dan ekonomi. Keberadaan pengungsi dari Suriah menjadi titik balik utama Turki dalam menjalin hubungan dengan Uni Eropa yang dimulai dengan diterapkannya Open Door Policy. Uni Eropa menawarkan bantuan untuk berbagi beban dengan Turki terhadap pengungsi Suriah. Program kemanusiaan yang menjadi unggulan Uni Eropa yang diberikan dalam hal ini diwujudkan dengan pemberian skema bantuan sosial kartu debit atau Emergency Social Safety Net untuk memenuhi kebutuhan dasar para pengungsi Suriah. Metode penelitian yang digunakan berupa metode kualitatif dengan berdasarkan studi kasus yang ada menggunakan pengumpulan data dari kajian pustaka. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan program Emergency Social Safety Net (ESSN) yang muncul sebagai respon kemanusiaan untuk pengungsi Suriah di Turki dan instrumen kebijakan kontrol migrasi Uni Eropa dengan pengimplemntasian Open Door Policy.

References

Adam, L. B. (2016). The Refugee Card in EU-Turkey Relations: A Necessary but Uncertain Deal. European Policy Analysis, 14, 1-12.

Amalia. (2018). Kebijakan Pintu Terbuka Turki sebagai Upaya Deeskalasi Konflik Suriah [Turkish Open Door Policy as an Effort to De-escalate the Syrian Conflict]. Jurnal Ilmiah Hubungan Internasional, 5 (Landasan Hukum Pintu Terbuka Turki), 201.

Benvenuti, B. (2017). The Migration Paradox and EU-Turkey Relations. Working Paper(17). Roma: Istituto Affari Internazionali.

CNN Indonesia. (2018, July 13). Pasukan Assad Rebut Kota Asal Perang Suriah [Assad Forces Seize Hometown of Syrian War]. CNN Indonesia. Retrieved April 11, 2022, from https://www.cnnindonesia.com/internasional/20180713172001-120-313854/pasukan-assad-rebut-kota-asal-perang-suriah

Council of the European Union. (2015). Meeting of heads of state or government with Turkey - EU-Turkey statement, 29/11/2015. Council of the European Union: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2015/11/29/eu-turkey-meeting-statement/pdf.

Directorate General of Migration Management. (2020). Temporary Protection. Retrieved from Directorate General of Migration Management Statistics: https://en.goc.gov.tr/temporary-protection27.

European Commission. (2018). EU-Turkey Statement: Two Years On. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from European Commission: https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/sites/homeaffairs/files/what-we-do/policies/european-agenda-migration/20180314_eu-turkey-two-years-on_en.pdf

European Council. (2016). EU-Turkey statement, 18 March 2016. Retrieved from consilium.europa.eu: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2016/03/18/eu-turkey-statement/

Ibad, F., & Muta'ali, A. (2021). Identitas dan Kebijakan Luar Negeri: Konstruksi Identitas Dalam Kebijakan Luar Negeri Tunisia Pasca Revolusi [Identity and Foreign Policy: Construction of Identity in Tunisia's Post-Revolution Foreign Policy]. Jurnal Middle East and Islamic Studies.

IFRC, Turkish Red Crescent. (2022). Emergency Social Safety Net (ESSN) Monthly Report: January 2022 - Turkey. ReliefWeb. Retrieved April 10, 2022, from https://reliefweb.int/report/turkey/emergency-social-safety-net-essn-monthly-report-january-2022

Ismet Putra. (2014). Pengaruh Konflik Domestik Suriah Terhadap Kebijakan Luar Negeri Turki ke Suriah (2011-2013) [The Influence of the Syrian Domestic Conflict on Turkey's Foreign Policy towards Syria (2011-2013)]. Skripsi [Undergraduate thesis]. Program Studi Hubungan Internasional UIN Syarif Hidayatullah. Jakarta.

Kirdiş, E. (2015). The role of foreign policy in constructing the party identity of the Turkish Justice and Development Party (AKP). Turkish Studies, 16(2), 178-194.

Koca, B. T. (2015). Deconstructing Turkey's "Open Door" policy towards refugees from Syria (Syrian crisis and Syrian movers). Migration Letters, 12(3), 275-288.

Kompas.com. (2020, December 3). Revolusi Melati dan Krisis Tunisia (2010) [Jasmine revolution and the crisis in Tunisia (2010)]. Kompas.com. https://www.kompas.com/skola/read/2020/12/03/152819669/revolusi-melati-dan-krisis-tunisia-2010

Kusumawijaya, K., & Machmudi, Y. (2022). Qatar foreign policy in Middle East conflict mediation. Jurnal Middle East and Islamic Studies, 16(1), 67-80.

Prabowo, G. (2020, December 2). Sejarah Terjadinya Konflik di Suriah [The history of the Syrian conflict]. Kompas.com. https://www.kompas.com/skola/read/2020/12/02/143230769/sejarah-terjadinya-konflik-di-suriah?page=all.

Prabowo, G. (2020, December 5). Politik Arab Spring di Timur Tengah (2011) [The politics of the Arab Spring in the Middle East (2011)]. Kompas.com. https://www.kompas.com/skola/read/2020/12/05/165128669/politik-arab-spring-di-timur-tengah-2011

Rifki, F., & Machmudi, Y. (2021). Ancaman Keamanan Atas Investasi China di Israel [Security threats to Chinese investment in Israel]. Jurnal Middle East and Islamic Studies, 15(2), 133-146.

Simsek, D. (2017). Turkey as a 'Safe Third Country'? The Impacts of the EU-Turkey Statement on Syrian Refugees in Turkey. The Journal College of Social Science and Humanities, 22(4), 168. Retrieved from http://sam.gov.tr/pdf/perceptions/Volume-XXII/Winter-2017/161-182.pdf

Syria Regional Refugee Response. (2012). Regional Overview. Retrieved March 18, 2022, from http://data.unhcr.org/syrianrefugees/regional.php

Tokcan, A. E. (2018). Tampung 3,5 juta pengungsi, Turki kembali jadi negara paling ramah. Anadolu Agency. Retrieved from https://www.aa.com.tr/id/headline-hari/tampung-3-5-juta-pengungsi-turki-kembali-jadi-negara-paling-ramah/1181778

UNHCR. (2013). Law on Foreigners and International Protection, 53(5), 1. Purpose. Retrieved from https://www.unhcr.org/tr/wp-content/uploads/sites/14/2017/04/LoFIP_ENG_DGMM_revised-2017.pdf

Wike, R., Stokes, B., & Simmons, K. (2016). European Fear Wave of Refugees Will Mean More Terrorism, Fewer Jobs. Washington, D.C.: Pew Research Center.

Zalan, E. (2015). Europe's populists link terrorism with refugees. EU observer. Retrieved from https://euobserver.com/migration/131142.

Download

Share

COinS