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Abstract

Indonesia finds tax amnesty as a reliable funding alternative to develop a sustainable economy. Since 1964, Indonesia has implemented five tax amnesty programs. The latest two programs would offer lower amnesty compensation rates if taxpayers repatriated offshore assets back to Indonesia. However, the tax amnesty repatriation policy merely contributed minimal amounts of repatriated assets and low number of participants. Consequently, it failed to raise sufficient liquidity, fiscal revenues, tax compliance and economic growth. Hence, the study aims to (1) determine the justification and mechanism for the asset repatriation policy and (2) criticize the repatriation policy implementation. Applying interpretive and comparative analysis, the study found four reasons why the policy has yet to be optimally implemented. First, the rates for Compensation Money or final income tax on repatriated assets were excessive and did not differ much from those applied on declared offshore assets. Second, selecting strategic sectors entitled to the lowest repatriation rates worsened the government's inconsistency in energy transition policies. Third, inadequate supervision and enforcement of tax law due to lack of an integrated verification system. Finally, the repatriation program had minimum footing from other government agencies responsible for investments in Indonesia, hindering a stable and attractive investment ecosystem.

Bahasa Abstract

Indonesia memandang amnesti pajak sebagai alternatif pendanaan yang dapat diandalkan untuk mengembangkan perekonomian berkelanjutan. Sejak tahun 1964, Indonesia telah melaksanakan lima program amnesti pajak. Dua program terakhir menawarkan tarif kompensasi amnesti yang lebih rendah jika Wajib Pajak merepatriasi aset luar negerinya kembali ke Indonesia. Namun kebijakan repatriasi amnesti pajak hanya memberikan kontribusi nominal aset repatriasi dan jumlah peserta yang minim. Akibatnya, pemerintah gagal meningkatkan kecukupan likuiditas, pendapatan fiskal, kepatuhan pajak, dan pertumbuhan ekonomi. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (1) mengetahui justifikasi dan mekanisme kebijakan repatriasi aset dan (2) mengkritisi pelaksanaan kebijakan repatriasi. Menggunakan analisis interpretatif dan komparatif, studi ini menemukan empat alasan mengapa kebijakan tersebut belum dilaksanakan secara optimal. Pertama, tarif Uang Tebusan atau Pajak Penghasilan final atas aset yang direpatriasi terlalu tinggi dan tidak berbeda jauh dengan tarif yang diterapkan pada aset yang diumumkan di luar negeri. Kedua, pemilihan sektor-sektor strategis yang berhak mendapatkan tingkat repatriasi terendah memperburuk inkonsistensi pemerintah dalam kebijakan transisi energi. Ketiga, belum memadainya pengawasan dan penegakan hukum perpajakan karena belum adanya sistem verifikasi yang terintegrasi. Yang terakhir, program repatriasi kurang mendapat dukungan dari lembaga pemerintah lain yang bertanggung jawab atas investasi di Indonesia, sehingga menghambat ekosistem investasi yang stabil dan menarik.

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