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Abstract

The emergence of Hamas in 1987 cannot be separated from the configuration of modern colonialism and the continuity of occupation that shaped the political reality. Hamas’s early phase was rooted in socio-religious activities through education and community empowerment programs, before evolving into armed resistance against the occupation. The labeling of Hamas as a “terrorist” organization began in the mid-1990s in U.S. legal documents, which subsequently generated debate and gave rise to counter-narratives. This study employs the frameworks of critical geopolitics (Ó Tuathail & Agnew) and the Discourse-Historical Approach (Wodak) to analyze the labeling of Hamas as “terrorist” by Western hegemony. An interpretative qualitative method based on Critical Discourse Analysis draws on official documents, policy archives, international reports, and global media coverage. Findings indicate that the labeling process unfolded through five discursive stages: the initial production of meaning through U.S.–Israel policy; elaboration and framing by officials and think tanks; circulation via Western media and contestation by Global South media; standardization and naturalization of the label as “objective truth”; and performative and institutional effects in the form of legitimized military operations, sanctions, and aid restrictions. This labeling is not a neutral description but a performative practice and an instrument of geopolitical hegemony that produces socio-political reality, disciplines public perception, and closes off spaces for alternative political legitimacy, while also underscoring the urgency of a decolonial approach to interpreting global security narratives.

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