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Abstract

The Arab Spring has not fulfilled the desires of millions of demonstrators in Middle East. The desires to see the expanded role of the civil society has been muted by the Islamists and particularly by the Muslim Brotherhood. The Article puts the focus on the failure of Islamism in Syria during the uprising for several reasons, such as the inability of the Muslim Brotherhood to shape a new leadership, and its rejectionist agenda that had nurtured skepticism by the opposition factions. Furthermore, the Syrian Muslim Brotherhood had been unable to change its political motivation and kept insisted on shifting the Syrian political system. Moreover, the failure of the Muslim Brotherhood in Syria was its dependency on regional powers and its cooperation of the with the extremist groups has put them on the side of the terrorist groups and neutralized the argument that the West and precisely the US has been circulating for years as Muslim Brotherhood could be considered a moderate Islamist organization. This article reveals the identical ideology and strategy of the Syrian Muslim Brotherhood and the extremist groups in Syria which hasn’t been studied before in past-present context.

References

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Shadi Hamid & William Mccants, Rethinking Political Islam (UK: Oxford University Press, 2017), 77. Alison Pargeter, The Muslim Brotherhood (United kingdom: Saqi Books), 117.

[1] Kamal Dib, The Syrian War (Beirut Lebanon: Dar al Nahar lil Nasher, 2015), 511.

[1] Alison Pargeter, The Muslim Brotherhood (United kingdom: Saqi Books), 89.

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[1] Kamal Dib, The Syrian War (Beirut Lebanon: Dar al Nahar lil Nasher, 2015), 515-518

[1] Ibid. 515-516

[1] Emile Hokayem, Syria’s Uprising and the Fracturing of the Levant, (London: The International Institute for Strategic Studies, 2013), 200.

[1] Chandra Muzaffar, Exploring Religion in Our Time (Pinang: Penerbit Universiti Sains Malaysia Pulau Pinang, 2011), 34.

[1]Monica Marks, Rethinking Political Islam (UK: Oxford University Press, 2017), 34.

[1] Patrick Seal, Asad of Syria (USA: University of California Press, 1988), 170. Kamal Dib, Kamal Dib, The Syrian War (Beirut Lebanon: Dar al Nahar lil Nasher, 2015), 113-114.

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[1] Vahram Hovyan, “On Political View of The Armenian Community in Syria,” Noravank Foundation, May 6, 2013, http://www.noravank.am/eng/articles/detail.php?ELEMENT_ID=7064.

[1] Emile Hokayem, Syria’s Uprising and the Fracturing of the Levant, (London: The International Institute for Strategic Studies, 2013), 68.

[1] Aron Lund, “Struggling to Adapt: The Muslim Brotherhood in a New Syria,” Carnegie Endowment For international Peace, May 07, 2013, https://carnegieendowment.org/2013/05/07/struggling-to-adapt-muslim-brotherhood-in-new-syria-pub-51723. William Van Wagenen, ”Did The Syrian Revolution Have Popular Support?,” The Libertarian Institute , August 3, 2022, https://libertarianinstitute.org/articles/did-the-syrian-revolution-have-popular-support/. Ruth Sherlock & David Blair, “Muslim Brotherhood establish militia inside Syria,” Telegraph, August 3,2012, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/9450587/Muslim-Brotherhood-establishes-militia-inside-Syria.html.

[1] Thomas Pierret, Post-Islamism (New York: Oxford university Press, 2013), 335-336.

[1] Kevin Mazur, Revolution in Syria (UK: Cambridge University Press, 2021), 199 and 114. Jamal Wakim, The Struggle of Great powers on Syria, (Beirut, Lebanon: Sharikat al matbuaat lil Tawzi wal Nasher, 2012), 204.

[1] Jocelyne Cesari, “The Role of Religion in the Political Future of Syria: State Muslimness versus Islamism,” Berkley Center, March 24, 2021, https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/responses/the-role-of-religion-in-the-political-future-of-syria-state-muslimness-versus-islamism. Alison Pargeter, [1] Alison Pargeter, The Muslim Brotherhood (United kingdom: Saqi Books), 87. David Commins, The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia ( New York: I.B.Tuaris & Co Ltd, 2006), 173.

[1] William Van Wagenen, ”Did The Syrian Revolution Have Popular Support?”, The Libertarian Institute , August 3, 2022, https://libertarianinstitute.org/articles/did-the-syrian-revolution-have-popular-support/. Aron Lund, “Struggling to Adapt: The Muslim Brotherhood in a New Syria,” Carnegie Endowment For international Peace, May 07, 2013, https://carnegieendowment.org/2013/05/07/struggling-to-adapt-muslim-brotherhood-in-new-syria-pub-51723. Kevin Mazur, Revolution in Syria (UK: Cambridge University Press, 2021), 197.

[1] Aron Lund, “Struggling to Adapt: The Muslim Brotherhood in a New Syria,” Carnegie Endowment For international Peace, May 07, 2013, https://carnegieendowment.org/2013/05/07/struggling-to-adapt-muslim-brotherhood-in-new-syria-pub-51723.

[1] William Van Wagenen, ”Did The Syrian Revolution Have Popular Support?,” The Libertarian Institute , August 3, 2022, https://libertarianinstitute.org/articles/did-the-syrian-revolution-have-popular-support/. Jocelyne Cesari, “The Role of Religion in the Political Future of Syria: State Muslimness versus Islamism,” Berkley Center, March 24, 2021, https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/responses/the-role-of-religion-in-the-political-future-of-syria-state-muslimness-versus-islamism.

[1] Kissinger, World Order (New York: Penguin, 2014), 126.

Emile Hokayem, Syria’s Uprising and the Fracturing of the Levant, (London: The International Institute for Strategic Studies, 2013), 97. Jamal Wakim, The Struggle of Great powers on Syria, (Beirut, Lebanon: Sharikat al matbuaat lil Tawzi wal Nasher, 2012), 208

[1] Monica Marks, Rethinking Political Islam (UK: Oxford University Press, 2017), 35-37.

[1] Ibid, 35-37.

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