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Abstract

A surprising phenomenon was observed in the lone-wolf terror terrorism that occurred in Indonesia. This is associated with the fact that the perpetrators of seven out of thirteen cases reported were exposed to radical information through social media and the internet without directly joining a terrorist group. The process involved the intensive exploration of the internet by people previously interested in radicalism content which eventually led to self-radicalization and the subsequent terror acts. Meanwhile, Fathali M Moghaddam proposed that the process of radicalization before a terror act is conducted involves six stages of action known as the staircase to terrorism. This concept was, however, observed to be irrelevant to the lone-wolf terror act considering the fact that the second to fifth stairs are usually reached through a shortcut based on the activities conducted on the internet. Therefore, this study proposed an adjustment to the Moghaddam's staircase to terrorism due to the rise of self-radicalization through the internet and also developed a prevention mechanism which involves community engagement to build community resilience towards preventing the shortcut through the provision of efforts to complement the actions of security forces in order to stem the prevalence of lone-wolf terror in the country.

Bahasa Abstract

Fenomena mengejutkan terjadi pada pelaku teror lone wolf di Indonesia pada tahun 2006-2021. Tujuh dari tigabelas kasus teror lone wolf di Indonesia, pelakunya terpapar paham radikal melalui sosial media/internet, dan tanpa bergabung langsung dengan kelompok atau organisasi terorisme. Seseorang yang sebelumnya tertarik dengan konten-konten radikalisme melakukan eksplorasi melalui Internet secara intens dan mengalami swa-radikaliasi. Paparan paham radikal tersebut akhirnya mendorong terjadinya aksi teror. Fathali M Moghaddam menyebutkan bahwa proses radikalisasi yang terjadi pada seseorang sebelum melakukan aksi teror terdiri dari enam tahapan. Tahapan yang disebut oleh Moghaddam sebagai staircase to terrorism ini mulai dari: tahap ground floor, first floor, hingga fifth floor. Staircase to terrorism menjadi tidak relevan dengan aksi teror lone-wolf di Indonesia. Tangga kedua hingga kelima dalam staircase to terrorism dapat ditempuh dengan jalan pintas melalui aktivitas di internet. Analisis kasus teror lone wolf di Indonesia dalam penelitian ini dilakukan sebagai kritik atas staircase to terrorism yang harus disesuaikan pasca maraknya swa-radikalisasi yang terjadi melalui internet. Selain itu penelitian ini juga mengusulkan suatu mekanisme pencegahan atas proses shortcut to terrorism yang sulit dilakukan oleh aparat keamanan saja. Pelibatan masyarakat untuk membangun ketahanan komunitas menjadi kunci untuk mencegah terjadinya proses shortcut to terrorism, sehingga aksi teror lone-wolf dapat dicegah.

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