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Abstract

Women’s representation in parliament is an important aspect of improving gender equality in a country. As of the 2019 parliamentary elections, women’s representation in the Parliament of the Republic of Indonesia (DPR RI) has only reached 21.4%. This figure is far below Timor-Leste and Finland, which respectively have 40% and 47% women’s representation. To increase the number of women’s representation in parliament, there is a concept called women's electoral quota. This study attempts to compare how women’s electoral quotas are regulated in Indonesia, Timor-Leste, and Finland. In addition, this study also reviews the condition of women’s representation in the parliaments of the three countries. Hanna F. Pitkin explains that there are 4 (four) types of representation, namely formal, descriptive, substantive and symbolic. This research focuses on descriptive representation because it relates to the quantity of women's representation in parliament, as well as substantive representation because this research also wants to formulate a strategy to maximize the quality of women's representation in parliament. The results of this study indicate that in terms of descriptive representation, Indonesia is lacking because the women’s electoral quota in the form of serial numbers does not work optimally; and women’s lack political participation, especially because political parties in Indonesia do not apply party quotas. Meanwhile, in terms of substantive representation, Timor-Leste and Finland are both superior due to ongoing communication with civil society and the strong role of the women’s parliamentary caucus. From there, several strategies were formulated in the context of increasing women’s representation in the DPR RI, namely increasing women’s political participation, reforming women’s election quotas in the form of serial numbers, opening large communication spaces between women parliamentarians and civil society, and strengthening the role of women’s parliamentary caucus in DPR RI.

Keywords: women’s representation in parliament, women’s electoral quotas, and women’s political participation

Bahasa Abstract

Keterwakilan perempuan di parlemen merupakan salah satu aspek penting dalam meningkatkan kesetaraan gender di sebuah negara. Per pemilihan anggota parlemen 2019, keterwakilan perempuan di Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Republik Indonesia (DPR RI) baru mencapai 21.4%. Angka tersebut berada jauh di bawah Timor-Leste dan Finlandia yang masing-masing memiliki 40% dan 47% keterwakilan perempuan. Dalam rangka meningkatkan angka keterwakilan perempuan di parlemen, terdapat sebuah konsep yang disebut dengan kuota pemilihan perempuan. Penelitian ini mencoba membandingkan bagaimana kuota pemilihan perempuan diatur di Indonesia, Timor-Leste, dan Finlandia. Selain itu, penelitian ini juga meninjau kondisi keterwakilan perempuan di parlemen ketiga negara. Hanna F. Pitkin menjelaskan terdapat 4 (empat) jenis keterwakilan, yakni formal, deskriptif, substantif, dan simbolis. Penelitian ini difokuskan pada keterwakilan deskriptif karena berhubungan dengan kuantitas keterwakilan perempuan di parlemen, serta keterwakilan substantif karena penelitian ini juga hendak merumuskan strategi maksimalisasi kualitas keterwakilan Perempuan di parlemen. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa dari segi keterwakilan deskriptif, Indonesia kekurangan karena kuota pemilihan perempuan dalam bentuk nomor urut tidak berjalan dengan maksimal; serta partisipasi politik perempuan yang kurang, terutama karena partai politik di Indonesia tidak menerapkan party quotas. Sementara, dari segi keterwakilan substantif, Timor-Leste dan Finlandia sama-sama unggul disebabkan oleh berjalannya komunikasi dengan masyarakat sipil dan kuatnya peran kaukus perempuan parlemen. Dari sana, dirumuskan beberapa strategi dalam rangka peningkatan keterwakilan perempuan di DPR RI, yakni peningkatan partisipasi politik perempuan, pembenahan kuota pemilihan perempuan berupa nomor urut, pembukaan ruang komunikasi yang besar antara anggota parlemen perempuan dengan masyarakat sipil, dan penguatan peran kaukus perempuan parlemen di dalam DPR RI.

Kata kunci: keterwakilan perempuan di parlemen, kuota pemilihan perempuan, dan partisipasi politik perempuan

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