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Comparative Studies on the Constitutionality of War Emergencies in ASEAN Countries

Abstract

Russia's invasion of Ukraine had an impact on Southeast Asian countries in many ways, therefore it is necessary to look at the constitutional arrangements for the state of war in ASEAN countries through comparative study to find out and see the pattern of these arrangements to be implemented in Indonesia. The results of research regarding the practice of war conditions in 10 ASEAN countries; First, the pattern of war emergencies in ASEAN countries follows the parliamentary model. Second, there is checks and balances between parliament and the government during a state of war. Third, in a state of war or other emergency, it is necessary to extend the term of office of the parliament and the president. Fourth, the extension and termination of a state of war or other emergency is in the hands of parliament. Fifth, the existence of a time limit is necessary during a state of war. Sixth, exceptions in a state of war include constitutional amendments prohibited, the parliament may not be dissolved, and can restrict or suspend human rights. Lastly, in Indonesia's constitutional framework, it is necessary to include the DPD in the declaration of a state of war and also in terms of the termination and extension of a war emergency, the lower house must, with the approval of the upper house, at any time by Presidential decree declare the state of emergency to be terminated or extended.

Bahasa Abstract

Invasi Rusia ke Ukraina memberikan dampak terhadap negara-negara Asia Tenggara dalam banyak hal, oleh karena itu perlu melihat pengaturan konstitusional keadaan perang di negara-negara ASEAN melalui studi komparatif untuk mengetahui dan melihat pola pengaturan keadaan perang untuk diterapkan di Indonesia. Hasil penelitian mengenai praktik kondisi perang di 10 negara ASEAN; Pertama, pola kedaruratan perang di negara-negara ASEAN mengikuti model parlementer. Kedua, adanya checks and balances antara parlemen dan pemerintah pada saat perang. Ketiga, dalam keadaan perang atau keadaan darurat lainnya, perlu adanya perpanjangan masa jabatan parlemen dan presiden. Keempat, perpanjangan dan penghentian keadaan perang atau keadaan darurat lainnya berada di tangan parlemen. Kelima, adanya batasan waktu diperlukan pada saat keadaan perang. Keenam, pengecualian dalam keadaan perang antara lain dilarangnya amandemen konstitusi, parlemen tidak boleh dibubarkan, dan dapat membatasi atau menangguhkan hak asasi manusia. Terakhir, dalam kerangka konstitusi Indonesia, DPD perlu dilibatkan dalam pernyataan keadaan perang dan juga dalam hal penghentian dan perpanjangan darurat perang, majelis rendah harus, dengan persetujuan majelis tinggi, untuk sewaktu-waktu dengan Keputusan Presiden menyatakan keadaan darurat dihentikan atau diperpanjang.

References

References

Journals and Periodicals

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Bima, Muhammad Rinaldy. "Hal Ikhwal Kegentingan yang Memaksa Sebagai Landasan Pembentukan Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang [The Matter of Emergency as a Basis for the Establishment of Government Regulation Regarding Law Replacement]." Jurnal IUS 7, no. 1 (2019): 98–106. doi: 10.29303/ius.v7i1.595.

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Asshidiqie, Jimly. Hukum Tata Negara Darurat [Emergency Law]. Jakarta: PT Rajawali Grafindo Persada, 2007.

Boucek, Braden. Et al. Checks, Balances, and Emergencies: Tensions Between Emergency Management Acts and Constitutional Governance. Washington: Regulatory Transparency Project of the Federalist Society, 2021.

Bulmer, Elliot. Emergency Powers. Sweden: International IDEA, 2018.

Elsea, Jennifer K. and Matthew C. Weed. Declarations of War and Authorizations for the Use of Military Force: Historical Background and Legal Implications. United States: Congressional Research Service, 2014.

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Gultom, Binsar. Pelanggaran HAM dalam Hukum Keadaan Darurat di Indonesia [Human Rights Violations in Emergency Law in Indonesia]. Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 2009.

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Pasaribu, Alboin. Et al. Urgensi Mendesain Ulang Hukum Negara dalam Keadaan Darurat [The Urgency of Redesigning State Laws in an Emergency]. Jakarta: Kepaniteraan dan Sekretariat Jenderal Mahkamah Konstitusi, 2021.

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Constitution of Brunei Darussalam 1959 (rev. 2006).

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Web Sources

Cornell Law School. "Emergency Powers." Accessed 5 December 2023, https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/emergency_powers.

Geneva Centre for The Democratic Control of Armed Forces . “What Is State of Emergency.” Accessed 1 October 2023, https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/14131/backgrounder_02_states_emergency.pdf.

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