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Abstract

Many international conventions contain positive values for humanity, which are in line with the human rights values guaranteed by our country’s constitution. The Indonesian state constitutionally guarantees the right of every Indonesian citizen to live a healthy and prosperous life, including providing water for every Indonesian citizen. However, it turns out that the Indonesian State has so far chosen not to ratify or access the Water Convention and the Water and Health Protocol, the contents of which are the good intentions of the countries participating in the convention to maintain the availability and quality of world water. This article provides a descriptive overview and comparison between the standards of the Water Convention and the Protocol on Water and Health of WHO (the Water Convention), alongside relevant Indonesian laws, namely Presidential Regulation of the Republic Indonesia Number 37 of 2023. Despite the participation of 52 states to the Water Convention 1992, Indonesia has yet to do so. The government of Indonesia has made numerous efforts that are in line with the objectives and contents of the Water Convention. However, it is undeniable that Indonesia will encounter problems and challenges if it pursues the process of accession. The problems might emerge from the perspectives of legal, public health, as well as social and economic. Considering the potential logical consequences, this article suggests Indonesia is currently adhering to the stipulation outlined in the Water Convention despite the absence of willingness to accede to it. The research employs a doctrinal approach, concurrently examining the norms and regulations inherent in the Water Convention and the newly Indonesian regulation on water management and the standards of water. Research question: Is the attitude of the Indonesian State not to ratify or access the Water Convention and the Water and Health Protocol contrary to the constitution and the principles given to Indonesian Human Rights, namely the right to life?This question was born by considering sociological rules or legal policies that one of the requirements for humans to be able to live is health. One way for human swimmers to be healthy is the availability of water in good quantity and quality throughout their lives. This research uses a public policy analysis approach, especially the theory of George C. Edwards III, with observations of state financial administration in the process of implementing human rights. The novelty of this article predicts the impact of the ratification of the Water Convention and the Water and Health Protocol for the Indonesian people; The contestation includes human rights in the field of clean water by including human rights in other fields as well as Indonesia’s political economic interests.

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Indonesia. Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan tentang Standar dan Sertifikasi Kompetensi Penanggung Jawab Operasional Pengolahan Air Limbah dan Penanggung Jawab Pengendalian Pencemaran Air, Permen LHK No. P.5/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/2/2018. [Minister of Environment and Forestry Regulation on the Competency Standards and Certification for Persons Responsible for Waste Water Treatment Operations and Persons Responsible for Water Pollution Control, Minister of Environment and Forestry Regulation Number P.5/MENLHK/SETJEN/ KUM.1/2/2018].

Indonesia. Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan tentang Tata Cara Uji Karakteristik Limbah Bahan Berbahaya dan Beracun, Permen LHK No. P.55/Menlhk-Setjen/2015. [Minister of Environment and Forestry Regulation on Procedures for Testing the Characteristics of Hazardous and Toxic Materials, Minister of Environment and Forestry Regulation No. P.55/Menlhk-Setjen/2015.]

Indonesia. Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan tentang Baku Mutu Emisi Gas Buang Kendaraan Bermotor Tipe Baru Kategori M, Kategori N, dan Kategori O, Permen LHK No. P.20/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/3/2017. [Minister of Environment and Forestry Regulation on Quality Standards for Exhaust Gas Emissions for New Type Motor Vehicles Category M, Category N, and Category O, Minister of Environment and Forestry Regulation No. P.20/ MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/3/2017].

Indonesia. Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup tentang Daya Tampung Beban Pencemaran Air Danau dan/atau Waduk, Permen LHK No. 28 Tahun 2009. [Minister of Environment and Forestry Regulation on Lake and/or Reservoir Water Pollution Load Capacity, Minister of Environment and Forestry Regulation No. 28 Year 2009].

Indonesia. Peraturan Menteri Pekerjaan Umum dan Perumahan Rakyat Republik Indonesia tentang Kriteria dan Penetapan Wilayah Sungai, Permen PUPR RI No. 04 Tahun 2015. [Minister of Public Works and Housing Regulation on Criteria and Designation of River Areas, MenPUPR RI Regulation No. 04 Year 2015].

Indonesia. Peraturan Menteri Pekerjaan Umum dan Perumahan Rakyat tentang Standar Pelayanan Minimal Bidang Pekerjaan Umum dan Penataan Ruang, Permen PUPR No. 01/PRT/M/2014. [Minister of Public Works and Public Housing Regulation on Minimum Service Standards in the Field of Public Works and Spatial Planning, Minister of Public Works and Public Housing Regulation No. 01/PRT/M/2014].

Indonesia. Peraturan Menteri Pekerjaan Umum dan Perumahan Rakyat tentang Standar Teknis Pelayanan Minimal Pekerjaan Umum dan Perumahan Rakyat, Permen PUPR No. 29/PRT/M/2018, Lampiran [Minister of Public Works and Public Housing Regulation on Minimum Technical Standards for Public Works and Public Housing Services, Minister of Public Works and Public Housing Regulation No. 29/PRT/M/2018, Annex].

Indonesia. Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia tentang Pengelolaan Limbah Bahan Berbahaya Dan Beracun, No. 101 Tahun 2014. [Government Regulation on the Management of Hazardous and Toxic Waste, Government Regulation No. 101 Year 2014].

Indonesia. Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia tentang Pengendalian Pencemaran Air, PP No. 20 tahun 1990. [Government Regulation on Water Pollution Control, Government Regulation No. 20 Year 1990].

Indonesia. Peraturan Pemerintah tentang Pedoman Penyusunan Dan Penerapan Standar Pelayanan Minimal, PP No. 65 Tahun 2005. [Government Regulation regarding Guidelines for Preparing and Implementing Minimum Service Standards, Government Regulation Number 65 of 2005].

Indonesia. Peraturan Pemerintah tentang Penyelenggaraan Pengadaan Tanah bagi Pembangunan untuk Kepentingan Umum, Peraturan Pemerintah (PP) No. 19 Tahun 2021. [Government Regulation on Land Acquisition Organization on Development for Public Interest, Government Regulation No. 19 Year 2021].

Indonesia. Peraturan Pemerintah tentang Penyelenggaraan Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup, PP Nomor 22 Tahun 2021. [Government Regulations on the Implementation of Environmental Protection and Management, Government Regulations No. 22 Year 2021].

Indonesia. Peraturan Pemerintah tentang Standar Pelayanan Minimal, PP No. 2 Tahun 2018. [Government Regulation on Minimum Service Standards, Government Regulation No. 2 Year 2018].

Indonesia. Peraturan Presiden Republik Indonesia tentang Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional, Perpres No. 81 Tahun 2021. [Presidential Regulation on National Development Planning Agency, Presidential Regulation No. 81 Year 2021].

Indonesia. Peraturan Presiden Republik Indonesia tentang Pengadaan Teknologi Industri Melalui Proyek Putar Kunci, Perpres No. 118 Tahun 2020. [Presidential Regulation on Industrial Technology Procurement through Turnkey Projects, Presidential Regulation No. 118 Year 2020].

Indonesia. Peraturan Presiden tentang Kebijakan Nasional Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Air, Perpres No. 33 Tahun 2011. [Government Regulations on National Policy for Water Resources Management, Government Regulations No. 33 Year 2011].

Indonesia. Surat Keputusan Menteri Perdagangan tentang Larangan Impor Sampah Plastik Masuk Ke Indonesia, SK Menperdag No. 349 Tahun 1992. [Minister of Trade Decree on Prohibition of Importing Plastic Waste into Indonesia, Minister of Trade Decree No. 349 Year 1992].

Indonesia. Undang Undang tentang Kesehatan, UU No. 36 Tahun 2009. [Law on Health, Law No. 36 Year 2009].

Indonesia. Undang Undang tentang Pengairan, UU No. 11 tahun 1974. [Law on Irrigation, Law No. 11 Year 1974].

Indonesia. Undang Undang tentang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup, UU No. 32 Tahun 2009. [Law on Environmental Protection and Management, Law No. 32 of 2009].

Indonesia. Undang Undang tentang Sumber Daya Air, UU No. 7 tahun 2004. [Law on Water Resources, Law No. 7 Year 2004].

Indonesia. Undang-Undang Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup, UU No. 23 Tahun 1997. [Environmental Management Law, Law No. 23 Year 1997.]

Indonesia. Undang-Undang tentang Ketentuan-Ketentuan Pokok Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup, UU No 4 Tahun 1982. [Law on the Basic Provisions for the Management of the Living Environment, Law No. 4 Year 1982].

Indonesia. Undang-Undang tentang Pemerintahan Daerah, UU No. 23 Tahun 2014. [Law on Regional Government, Law No. 23 Year 2014].

Indonesia. Undang-Undang tentang Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup, UU No. 23 Tahun 1997. [Law on Environmental Management, Law No. 23 Year 1997.)

Court Decisions

Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 85/PUU-XII/2013 [The Constitutional Court Decision Number 85/PUU-XII/2013], MKRI Reports 2015.

International Documents

UNECE. The Water Convention: 30 Years of Impact and Achievements on the Ground. New York: United Nations Publications, 2022.

United Nations Environment Programme. Basel Convention on Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes, Year 1993.

United Nations. Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes, Year 2013.

World Health Organization Regional. Protocol on Water and Health Effective Approaches to Drinking-Water Quality Surveillance, Year 2015.

World Health Organization. Progress on Drinking Water (SDG Target 6.1), Year 2023.

World Health Organization. WHO Expert Consultation on Health Risks in Aquifer Recharge Using Reclaimed Water. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe, 2001.

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