Abstract
The rise of opportunities for females to work outside household settings in Indonesia has changed the division of traditional roles and responsibilities among married couples and thus may affect the quality of marital relationships. This study aims to observe how income earner status (single or dual earner) within families and couple type play roles in marital satisfaction. The participants comprised 224 spousal couples who are analyzed individually and together to categorize couple types measured using the Relational Dimension Instrument and Couple Satisfaction Index. Results indicate that for income earner status, no significant predominant effect on marital satisfaction was observed. The average marital satisfaction scores between couples with single- and dual-income statuses were insignificantly different, suggesting that dual- or single-income status does not have a direct effect on marital satisfaction. Based on couple type, traditional and separated types showed the highest marital satisfaction mean scores and lowest marital satisfaction scores among other types, respectively. These results reveal that interdependence and conflict resolution communication are important aspects in determining marital satisfaction levels among the Indonesian couples who participated in this study.
Bahasa Abstract
Meningkatnya kesempatan wanita bekerja diluar rumah yang terjadi di Indonesia tentunya mengubah pembagian peran dan tanggungjawab yang terjadi pada pasangan, dan hal ini berdampak pada kualitas hubungan dalam perkawinan. Penelitian ini memiliki tujuan untuk melihat bagaimana status pencari nafkah dalam keluarga dan tipe pasangan berperan dalam kepuasan pernikahan. Partisipan dalam penelitian ini 224 individu yang merupakan pasangan suami dan istri yang dianalisis secara individual maupun berpasangan menggunakan Relational Dimensions Instrument dan Couple Satisfaction Index. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tipe pencari nafkah, tidak berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap kepuasan pernikahan. Tidak adanya efek interaksi yang siginifikan antara status pencari nafkah dan tipe pasangan terhadap kepuasan pernikahan. Ditemukan adanya pengaruh utama yang signifikan antara tipe pasangan dan kepuasan pernikahan. Tipe traditional memiliki skor rata-rata kepuasan pernikahan yang paling tinggi sebaliknya, tipe pasangan separated ditemukan memiliki skor rata-rata kepuasan pernikahan yang paling rendah. Dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kepuasan perkawinan tidak ditentukan oleh status pencari nafkah tetapi yang terpenting adalah peran dari tipe pasangan yang menunjukkan bahwa interdependensi, komunikasi penyelesaian konflik menjadi aspek yang penting dalam menentukan tingkat kepuasan pernikahan pasangan.
References
Anastasi, A., & Urbina, S. (1997). Psychological testing (7th ed.). Prentice Hall.
Acitelli, L. (2009). Marriage, benefits of. In H. T Reis, & S. Sprecher (Eds.), Encyclopedia of human relationships. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412958479.n331.
Abdullah, M. Y., & Bakar, N. R. (2013). The sustainability of dual earner at the workplace in Malaysia. Asian Social Science, 9(7). https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v9n7p192.
Badan Pusat Statistik. (2015). Statistical yearbook of Indonesia 2015. Statistik Indonesia.
Badan Pusat Statistik. (2017). Statistical yearbook of Indonesia 2018. Statistik Indonesia.
Barnett, R. C., & Baruch, G. K. (1985). Women's involvement in multiple roles and psychological distress. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49. 135-45. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.49.1.135.
Barnett, R. C., & Hyde, J. S. (2001). Women, men, work, and family: An expansionist theory. American Psychologist, 56(10), 781-796. doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.56.10.781
Bartholomew, K (2009) Stressed Out about Communication Skills HCPro, Marblehead, MA.
Bird, G. A., Day, S., & Cavell, M. (1990). Housing and household characteristics of single- and dual-earner families. Home Economics Research Journal, 19(1), 29-37. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077727X9001900104
Chan, C. J., & Margolin, G. (1994). The relationship between dual-earner couples' daily work mood and home affect. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 11, 573-586. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407594114005
Conger, R. D., Conger, K. J., & Martin, M. J. (2010). Socioeconomic process, family process, and individual development. Journal of Marriage and Family, 72, 685-704 https://doi.org/ 10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00725.x.
Crouter, A. C., Bumpus, M. F., Head, M. R., & McHale, S. M. (2001). Implications of overwork and overload for the quality of men’s family relationship. Journal of Marriage and family, 63, 404-416. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1741-3737.2001.00404.X
Cohen, R. J., Swerdlik, M. E., & Sturman, E. D. (2013). Psychological testing and assessment: An introduction to test and measurement. McGraw-Hill Education.
DeGenova, M. K. (2008). Intimate relationships, marriage, and families. McGraw-Hill.
Doumas, D. M., Margolin, G., & John, R. S. (2008). Spillover patterns in single-earner couples: Work, self-care, and the marital relationship. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 29, 55-73 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10834-007-9091-6
Ehrenberg, M. F., Gearing-Small, M., Hunter, M. A., & Small, B. J. (2001). Childcare task division and shared parenting attitudes in dual-earner families of young children. Family Relation, 50(2), 143-153 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3729.2001.00143.x
Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using spss (3rd ed.). SAGE Publication Inc.
Fincham, F. D. (2004). Communication in marriage. In A. L. Vangelisti (Eds.), Handbook of family communications (pp. 83-103). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Fitzpatrick, M. A. (1988). Between husbands & wives: Communication in marriage. Sage Publications, Inc.
Fitzpatrick, M. A. (1990). Models of marital interaction. Dalam H. Giles & W. P. Robinson (Eds.), Handbook of language and social psychology (pp. 433-450). John Wiley & Sons.
Fowers, B. J., & Olson, D. H. (1993). ENRICH Marital Satisfaction Scale: A Brief Research and Clinical Tool. Journal of Family Psychology, 7(2), 176-185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.7.2.176
Frisco, M. L., & Williams, K. (2003). Perceived housework equity, marital happiness, and divorce in dual-earner households. Journal of Family Issues, 24(1), 51-73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513X02238520
Funk, J. L., & Rogge, R. D. (2007). Testing the ruler with item response theory: Increasing precision of measurement for relationship satisfaction with the Couples Satisfaction Index. Journal of Family Psychology, 21(4), 572-583. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.21.4.572
Givertz, M., Segrin, C., & Hanzal, A. The association between satisfaction and commitment differs across marital couple types. Communication Research, 36(4), 561-584. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650209333035
Gravetter, F.J., & Wallanau, L.B.(2007). Statistic for The Behavioral Sciences (7th Ed). Thomson Wadsworth
Gravetter, F. J., & Forzano, L. B. (2012). Research Methods for the Behavioral Sciences (4th ed.). CA Wadsworth.
Hammer, L. B., Allen, E., & Grigsby, T. D. (1997). Work-family conflict in dual-earner couples: Within-individual and crossover effects of work and family. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 50(2), 185-203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1996.1557.
Kerlinger, F. N., & Lee, H. B. (2005). Foundations of behavioral research (4th ed). Wadsworth/ Thomson Learning.
Koerner, A. F., & Fitzpatrick, M. A.(2009). Communication in intact families. In A. L. Vangelisti (Eds.), Handbook of family communications (pp. 177-195). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Kumar, R. (2011). Research methodology: A step-by-step guide for beginners. SAGE Publications Inc.
Mustafa, H., Hasim., M. J. M., Aripin, N., & Hamid, H. A. (2012). Couple types, ethnicity, and marital satisfaction in Malaysia. Applied Research in Quality of Life.
Nayak, J. K., & Singh, P. (2015). Fundamentals of research methodology: Problems and prospects. SSDN Publishers & Distributions. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309732183
Nunnally, J., & Bernstein, I. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill.
Ogletree, S. M. (2015). Gender role attitudes and expectations for marriage. Journal of Research on Women and Gender, 5, 71-82.
Olson, D. H., DeFrain, J., & Skogrand, L. (2011). Marriage and families: Intimacy, diversity, and strengths (7th ed). McGraw-Hill.
Piotrkowski, C. S., Rapoport, R. N., & Rapoport, R. (1987). Families and work. In M. B. Sussman & S. K. Steinmetz (Eds.), Handbook of marriage and the family (pp. 251-284). Plenum Press.
Powell, D., & Fine, M. A. (2009). Relationship dissolutions, causes. In H. T. Reis & S. Sprecher (Eds.), Encyclopedia of human relationships( pp 436-446). Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412958479.n331.
Quek, K. M., & Fitzpatrick, J. (2013). Cultural values, self-disclosure, and conflict tactics as predictors of marital satisfaction among singaporean husband and wives. The Family Journal: Counseling and Therapy for Couples and Families, 21(2), 208-216. https://doi.org/10.1177/1066480712466822.
Ramu, G. N. (1989). Women, work, and marriage in urban India: A study of dual- and single-earner couples. Sage Publications, Inc.
Richardson-Bouie, D. (2003). Ethnic variation/ ethnicity. In, J. J. Ponzetti, Jr (Eds.), International encyclopedia of marriage and family: Vol 2 (2nd ed.) (pp.523-529). Macmillan Reference USA.
Ruppanner, L. (2015). Working couples: The dual-income family. In S. R. Quah (Eds.), Routledge handbook of families in Asia (pp. 261–274). Routledge.
Patra, A., & Suar, D. (2009). Factors influencing happiness & satisfaction in single & dual-career families. Indian Journal of Industrial Relations, 44(4), 672-686.
Schulz, M. S., Cowan, P. A., Cowan, C., & Brennan, R. T. (2004). Coming home upset: Gender, marital satisfaction, and the daily spillover of workday experience into couple interactions. Journal of Family Psychology, 18, 250-26. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.18.1.250
Shaver, P.R & Miklincer, M (2009). Attachment in Adulthood: Structure, Dynamics and Change. Clinical Social Work Journal, 37, 179-180 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10615-009-0193-5
Steven,D., Kiger., G Riely, P.J (2001) Working hard and hardly working: DomesticLabor and Marital Satisfaction among dual-earner couples. Journal of Marriage and Family, 63(2), 514-526.
Sillars, A., Canary, D. J., & Tafoya, M. (2004). Communication, conflict, and the quality of family relationship. In A. L. Vangelisti (Eds.), Handbook of family communications (pp.413-446). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Stanley, S., Amato, M., Johnson, C. A., & Markman, H. J. (2006). Premarital education, marital quality, and marital stability: Findings from a large, random household survey. Journal of Family Psychology, 20(1), 117-126. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.20.1.117
Tan, P., Steinbach, M., & Kumar, V. (2005). Introduction to data mining (1st ed.). Addison-Wesley Longman Publishing Co., Inc.
United Nations for Fund for Population Activities Indonesia. (2015). Women and girls in indonesia: Progress and challenges. UNFPA Indonesia Monograph Series(5).
VanLear, A. C. (2009). Families, definitions and typologies. In H. T. Reis & S. Sprecher (Eds.), Encyclopedia of human relationships: Vol. 2 (pp. 600-604). Sage.
VanLear, C. A., Koerner, A., & Allen, D. M. (2006). Relationship Typologies. In A. L. Vangelisti & D. Perlman (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of personal relationships (pp. 91-110). Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511606632.007
Walliman, N. (2011). Research Methods: The Basic. Routledge.
Wilkie, J. B., Ferree, M. M., & Ratcliff, K. S. (1998). Gender and fairness: Marital satisfaction in two-earner couples. Journal of Marriage and Family, 60(3), 577-594. https://doi.org/10.2307/353530
Yucel, D. (2017). Work-family balance and marital satisfaction: The mediating effects of mental and physical health. Society and Mental Health, 7(3), 175-195. https://doi.org/10.117/2156869317713069
Recommended Citation
Ratnasari, Y., & Fatheya, F. (2022). Income Earner Status and Couple Type and Its Impact on Marital Satisfaction. Makara Human Behavior Studies in Asia, 26(1), 14-24. https://doi.org/10.7454/hubs.asia.2171121