•  
  •  
 

Abstract

Abstract This paper analyzes the relationship between power relations, development, and environmental crisis in Central Halmahera, North Maluku, a region that has undergone socio-ecological changes due to the expansion of extractive industries, especially nickel mining. Such development is controlled by state actors and corporations, creating unequal power relations in which local communities are often marginalized. This development model based on natural resource extraction resulting in ecosystem degradation, water pollution, and the loss of living space for indigenous peoples and coastal communities. This paper uses the approaches of political ecology and the sociology of development, to examine how the state facilitates corporate interests while overlooking the ecological impact and rights of local communities. This paper argues that the environmental crisis in Central Halmahera is produced through a power configuration in which the central government facilitates corporate control over land and mineral resources through centralized licensing and investment policies, while local governments and communities have limited authority in determining the direction and consequences of nickel-based development. The findings show that natural resource–oriented development policies strengthen state and corporate control over land, mineral resources, and development decision-making, while limiting the ability of local communities to influence the direction of development and protect their livelihoods and environment. Keywords : Power relations, extractivism, environmental, development, Central Halmahera

Abstrak

Artikel ini menganalisis hubungan antara relasi kekuasaan, pembangunan, dan krisis lingkungan di Halmahera Tengah, Maluku Utara, sebuah wilayah yang mengalami perubahan sosial-ekologis akibat ekspansi industri ekstraktif, khususnya pertambangan nikel. Pembangunan semacam ini dikendalikan oleh aktor negara dan korporasi, sehingga menciptakan relasi kekuasaan yang timpang dan kerap memarginalkan masyarakat lokal. Model pembangunan berbasis ekstraksi sumber daya alam ini mengakibatkan degradasi ekosistem, pencemaran air, serta hilangnya ruang hidup masyarakat adat dan komunitas pesisir. Artikel ini menggunakan pendekatan ekologi politik dan sosiologi pembangunan untuk mengkaji bagaimana negara memfasilitasi kepentingan korporasi dengan mengabaikan dampak ekologis dan hak-hak masyarakat lokal. Artikel ini berargumen bahwa krisis lingkungan di Halmahera Tengah diproduksi melalui konfigurasi kekuasaan, ketika pemerintah pusat memfasilitasi kontrol korporasi atas tanah dan sumber daya 

mineral melalui sentralisasi perizinan dan kebijakan investasi, sementara pemerintah daerah dan masyarakat memiliki kewenangan yang terbatas dalam menentukan arah dan konsekuensi pembangunan berbasis nikel. Temuan menunjukkan bahwa kebijakan pembangunan yang berorientasi pada sumber daya alam memperkuat kontrol negara dan korporasi atas tanah, sumber daya mineral, dan pengambilan keputusan pembangunan, sekaligus membatasi kemampuan masyarakat lokal untuk memengaruhi arah pembangunan serta melindungi mata pencaharian dan lingkungan hidup mereka.

References

Acosta, Alberto, 2013, El Buen Vivir: Sumak Kawsay, una oportunidad para imaginar otros mundos. Icaria Editorial.

Bebbington, Anthony, et al., 2018, "Resource Extraction and the Struggle for Territorial Control: Indigenous and Peasant Movements in Latin America and Southeast Asia." World Development, 99, 279-291.

Bebbington, Anthony, Humphreys Bebbington, Denise, & Bury, Jeffrey, 2018, Resource Extraction and Social Movements in the Andes. Routledge.

BPS Maluku Utara, 2023, Statistik Daerah Halmahera Tengah.

BPS Halmahera Tengah, 2023, Social and Economic Statistics Report.

Dinas Kesehatan Halmahera Tengah, 2023, Public Health Report 2019-2023.

Escobar, Arturo, 1995, Encountering Development: The Making and Unmaking of the Third World. Princeton University Press.

Ginting, B., 2023, “Implikasi Sosial Sentralisasi Tambang di Central Halmahera”, Jurnal Sosiologi Pembangunan, 4(4), 22-37.

Gudynas, Eduardo, 2012, "Transitions to post-extractivism: Directions, options, areas of action". Beyond Development: Alternative Visions from Latin America, 165-188.

Gudynas, Eduardo, 2013, “Development Alternatives in Bolivia: The Impulse, the Resistance, and the Future.” The Guardian.

Harvey, David, 2005, A Brief History of Neoliberalism. Oxford University Press.

Jaringan Advokasi Tambang (JATAM), 2020, Konflik Agraria di Kawasan Pertambangan Indonesia

Jaringan Advokasi Tambang (JATAM), 2024, “Bencana Ekstrativisme yang Terorganisir di Maluku Utara”, Catatan Akhir Tahun 2024 dan Proyeksi 2025, JATAM Simpul Maluku Utara.

Jaringan Advokasi Tambang (JATAM), 2024, Penaklukan dan Perampokan Halmahera: IWIP sebagai Etalase Kejahatan Strategis Nasional Negara-Korporasi.

Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan (KLHK), 2021, Status Lingkungan Hidup Daerah Maluku Utara

Kementerian Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral, 2024. Statistik Produksi Nikel Indonesia. Jakarta: KESDM.

Lo, Michaela Guo Ying, Courtney L. Morgans, Truly Santika, Sonny Mumbunan, et al, (2024), “Nickel mining reduced forest cover in Indonesia but had mixed outcomes for well-being.” One Earth, 7(11), 2019–2033. DOI: 10.1016/j.oneear.2024.10.010

Martinez-Alier, Joan, 2002, The Environmentalism of the Poor: A Study of Ecological Conflicts and Valuation. Edward Elgar Publishing.

Nancy, Natasha (2022), “Potential Distortion of Sustainable Development in the Conflict of Interest of Nickel Mining and Indigenous Communities in Halmahera, North Maluku,” In Journal of Global Environmental Dynamics, Vol. 3, No. 2.

Rahma, S., 2023, “Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Alam di Era Sentralisasi Baru”, Jurnal Kebijakan Publik, 7(2), 33-45

Robbins, Paul, 2019, Political Ecology: A Critical Introduction. Wiley-Blackwell.

Rosyidaa, Isma, Wahid Ullahb, Alfian Helmia, Masatoshi Sasaoka, (2019), “Adapting livelihoods to the impacts of tin mining in Indonesia: options and constraints,” In The Extractive Industries and Society, 6, 1302-1313, www.elsevier.com/locate/exis

Saragih, T. (2021). “Dampak UU Minerba Terhadap Hak Masyarakat Adat”, Jurnal Sosial Politik, 12(3), 45-60

Simanjuntak, A., 2022, “Sentralisasi Izin Tambang dalam PP 96/2021:, Jurnal Hukum Pertambangan, 5(1), 88-101.

Svampa, Maristella, 2019, Neo-Extractivism in Latin America: Socio-Environmental Conflicts, the Territorial Turn, and New Political Narratives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Transparency International Indonesia, 2024, Industri Keruk Nikel: Korupsi Struktural dan Dampak Multi Dimensinya Studi Kasus di Halmahera Timur dan Tengah,

WALHI. 2022, “Krisis Lingkungan di Tengah Gempuran Tambang Nikel Halmahera Tengah,” Laporan Tahunan.

WALHI Maluku Utara, 2022. Laporan Dampak Lingkungan Tambang di Halmahera Tengah.

Warburton, E. (2023). Resource nationalism and Indonesia's nickel industrialisation. Contemporary Southeast Asia, New York : Cornell University Press.

Warburton, Eve. (2024). “Nationalist Enclaves: Industrialising the Critical Mineral Boom in Indonesia.” The Extractive Industries and Society, Vol. 20, Article 101564.

Willow, A. J. (2016). Indigenous ExtrACTIVISM in Boreal Canada: Colonial Legacies, Contemporary Struggles and Sovereign Futures. Humanity & Society, 40(3), 284–307.

Download

Share

COinS