•  
  •  
 

Abstract

How did France’s refusal to take part in the war on Iraq in 2003 has created the conditions that legitimizes its future military interventions abroad? In this paper, a discourse analysis of the official French Foreign Policy Discourse is done to show why saying no to war in 2003 paradoxically allows France to carry out military interventions in 2015. This paper argues that France, while perpetrating an existing discourse of democracy opposing the civilized against the uncivilized that legitimates Foreign policy as a security tool, by its refusal, transformed military intervention a latent policy andlegitimized the French Self as the most civilized Self.

Bahasa Abstract

Bagaimana penolakan Prancis untuk berpartisipasi dalam perang di Irak pada tahun 2003 telah menciptakan kondisi yang melegitimasi intervensi militer mereka di luar negeri di masa depan? Dalam makalah ini, analisis wacana terhadap Wacana Kebijakan Luar Negeri Prancis resmi dilakukan untuk menunjukkan mengapa mengatakan tidak pada perang pada tahun 2003 secara paradoks memungkinkan Prancis untuk melakukan intervensi militer pada tahun 2015. Makalah ini berpendapat bahwa Prancis, sambil mempertahankan wacana demokrasi yang ada yang menentang peradaban melawan yang tidak beradab yang melegitimasi kebijakan luar negeri sebagai alat keamanan, dengan penolakannya, mengubah intervensi militer menjadi kebijakan laten dan melegitimasi Diri Prancis sebagai Diri yang paling beradab.

References

Assemblée Nationale, 2004. Situation en Irak. French National Assembly. Transcript available at : http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/12/dossiers/irak.asp

Assemblée Nationale, 2015. Congrès Du Parlement À Versailles. [video] Available at: http://videos.assemblee-nationale.fr/video.3362756_5649edb9b211a.congres-du-parlement-a-versailles-16-novembre-2015?timecode=6389334

Audureau, W., 2015. Après Les Attentats, Les Similitudes Entre Les Discours De Hollande Et De Bush En 2001. [online] Le Monde.fr. Available at: .

Bates, T. (1975). Gramsci and the Theory of Hegemony. Journal of the History of Ideas, 36(2), 351-366. doi:10.2307/2708933

Berlow, E. and Gourley, S. (2013). Mapping Ideas Worth Spreading. TED.com. Available at : https://www.ted.com/talks/eric_berlow_and_sean_gourley_mapping_ideas_worth_spreading?referrer=playlist-how_do_ideas_travel#t-398940

Blair, T. (2006) “Not a clash between civilisations, but a clash about civilisation”, speech given on 21 March 2006 at Foreign Policy Centre, fpc.org.uk/events/past/cla sh-about-civilisation (accessed 20 September 2009).

Boursin, F., 2005. Dominique de Villepin et Colin Powell : deux rhétoriques face à face. Communication et langages, 145(1), pp.95-106.

Bush, G. (2003), Announce of the Military Intervention in Iraq. White House. Available at : https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/mar/18/usa.iraq

Butler, J. (2004) Precarious Life, London: Verso.

Campbell, D. (1998). Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity, revised edition, by David Campbell. Copyright © 1998 University of Minnesota Press

Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie. 2009. The danger of a single story, TED Talk. Available at : https://www.ted.com/talks/chimamanda_adichie_the_danger_of_a_single_story

Cockayne, J. and Malone, D. (2008) in The UN Security Council and War: Evolution of Thought and

Practice Since 1945 (2008), edited by Lowe. V, Roberts.A , Welsh. J, and Zaum, D. OUP Oxford, 2008.

Crewe, E. and Axelby, R. (2013). Anthropology and development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

de Lisle, R. (1792). La Marseillaise, translated in Roberts, M. S. (2019) What are the lyrics to the French National Anthem, La Marseillaise – and what do they mean? Classic FM. Available at : https://www.classicfm.com/discover-music/periods-genres/national-anthems/marseillaise-french-lyrics-meaning/

de Villepin, D., 2003. French Address On Iraq At The UN Security Council, in The New York Times (2003) Statement By France To Security Council. Nytimes.com. Available at: [English transcript] and in Guerrier, S., 2014. Le Discours De Villepin Sur L'Irak À L'ONU. Le Figaro.fr. Available at: [French transcript]

Derrida, J. (1976) Of Grammatology, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.

Derrida, J. (1978) Writing and Difference, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.


Elliott, C., 2017. Democracy promotion as foreign policy : temporal othering in

Foucault, M. (1972) The Archaeology of Knowledge (t. (A.M. Sheridan Smith, Trans.). (New York, Pantheon Books).

Foucault, M. (2005) The Hermeneutics of the Subject: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1981–1982, London: Picador.


Hansen, L., 2008. Security As Practice. New York, NY: Routledge.

Hobson.C (2008) “Democracy as Civilisation”, Global Society, 22:1, 75-95, DOI: 10.1080/13600820701740746

Hollande, F., 2015. Presidential Address to the French Parliament Congress in FRANCE 24 English, 2015. REPLAY - Watch French President Hollande's Exceptional Address To Congress After Paris Attacks. [video] Available at:

Huntington, S. (1993). The Clash of Civilizations? Foreign Affairs, 72(3), 22-49. doi:10.2307/20045621

international relations. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge


Jackson, P. T. (2006) Civilizing the Enemy: German Reconstruction and the Invention of the West, Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.

Jervis, R. (1976). Perception and Misperception in International Politics: New Edition. Princeton; Oxford: Princeton University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctvc77bx3

Katz, M. (2015). What Kind of a Problem Is Poverty? The Archeology of an Idea in Roy, A., & Crane, E. (Eds.). (2015). Territories of Poverty: Rethinking North and South. University of Georgia Press.

Kisangani. E and Pickering. J (2017) The human consequences of foreign military intervention, Defence and Peace Economics, 28:2, 230-249, DOI: 10.1080/10242694.2015.1096532


Kurki, M. (2010). Democracy and Conceptual Contestability: Reconsidering Conceptions of Democracy in Democracy Promotion. International Studies Review, 12(3), 362-386. Retrieved May 16, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/40931113

Ladd, J., & Lenz, G. (2009). Exploiting a Rare Communication Shift to Document the Persuasive Power of the News Media. American Journal of Political Science, 53(2), 394-410. Retrieved May 17, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/25548125

Left, S., 2003. Security Council Debates Iraq Issue. [online] the Guardian. Available at: .

Porter, E. and Russell, K., 2018. Migrants Are On The Rise Around The World, And Myths About Them Are Shaping Attitudes. [online] Nytimes.com. Available at: .

Powell, C., 2003. Presentation To The U.N. Security Council On The U.S. Case Against Iraq.. in https://edition.cnn.com/2003/US/02/05/sprj.irq.powell.transcript/index.html

Rieker P. (2017) French Exceptionalism – Old Wine, New Bottle?. In: French Foreign Policy in a Changing World. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham

Russett, B., (1993) Grasping the Democratic Peace: Principles for a Post-Cold War World. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Salter, M. (2002) Barbarians and Civilization in International Relations. London: Pluto Press

Sarah White (2002) Thinking race, thinking development, Third World Quarterly, 23:3, 407-419

Shapiro, M.J. (1988) The Politics of Representation: Writing Practices in Biography, Photography, and Policy Analysis, Madison, Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press.

Skinner, Q. (2002). Visions of Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511790812

Terdiman. R. (1985) Discourse / Counter Discourse. In Sayre, R. (1986) Romantisme, n°54. Être artiste. pp. 116-119.

The Connexion, 2008. French Media -Read All About It. [online] Connexionfrance.com. Available at: [Accessed 17 May 2020].

Vrasti, W. (2013). Volunteer Tourism in the Global South. London: Routledge, https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203104453

Vulliamy, E., Webster, P., Beaumont, P., Hooper, J. and Ahmed, K., 2003. Worlds Apart On War. [online] the Guardian. Available at: [Accessed 15 May 2020].

Download

Share

COinS