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Abstract

After 1998 financial crisis, the growth of Indonesian manufactures sector had been dominated by the technology intensive- tools and machinery sub sector. The development of tools and machinery sub-sector should have increased the demand for skilled and specific labors namely vocational high school (VHS) graduates. Nevertheless, the VHS graduates’ roles had relatively been reduced. Despite they have better opportunities to develop their career in the long term, they are less likely to achieve supervisory or higher career level because the diploma or undergraduates workers most likely occupy the level. One of the main factors behind their lower career level prospects is due to rare opportunities to upgrade their skills through further On the Job Training in the shop floor. Coincidently, this arguably happened due to the declining position of Indonesian tools and machinery industry within global value chain from previously export oriented to domestic market oriented. Therefore, the existing technology transfer relatively hardly needs sophisticated skills which consequently could be delivered by less skilled workers such as general high school (GHS) graduates.

Bahasa Abstract

Pasca krisis finansial tahun 1998, pertumbuhan sektor manufaktur di Indonesia didominasi oleh sub-manufaktur peralatan yang padat teknologi. Perkembangan industri peralatan seharusnya meningkatkan permintaan terhadap tenaga kerja terampil dan berkeahlian khusus, yakni tenaga kerja lulusan SMK. Akan tetapi, peran tenaga kerja lulusan SMK relatif semakin berkurang. Walaupun tenaga kerja lulusan SMK memiliki kesempatan untuk berkarir dalam jangka panjang, prospek jenjang karir mereka untuk mencapai posisi setingkat penyelia atau lebih tinggi kurang baik, karena posisi ini diisi oleh tenaga kerja lulusan diploma (D1-D3) atau sarjana maupun pasca sarjana (S1-S3). Rendahnya prospek jenjang karir tenaga kerja lulusan SMK terjadi karena minimnya kesempatan mereka untuk meningkatkan keahliannya (skill upgrading) melalui pelatihan lanjutan di tempat kerja. Hal ini terjadi karena merosotnya posisi industri peralatan dalam nilai rantai global dari orientasi ekspor (export-oriented) menjadi orientasi pasar domestik (domestic market- oriented). Oleh karena itu alih teknologi yang terjadi relatif tidak membutuhkan keahlian yang canggih sehingga cukup dilakukan oleh tenaga kerja terdidik yang kurang terampil seperti lulusan SMA.

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