Abstract
Research Aims: This study examines the effect of training content on trainee outcomes and the mediating role of trainees’ motivation in the relationship between training content and organisational citizenship behaviour.
Design/Methodology/Approach: A cross-sectional research design was employed to collect 320 survey questionnaires from employees at the Malaysian federal government’s central agencies in Kuala Lumpur Federal Territory. The SmartPLS software programme was utilised to assess the quality of the instrument and subsequently test the hypotheses.
Research Findings: The results demonstrate that training content significantly determines trainee outcomes. Trainees’ learning motivation significantly mediates the relationship between training content and organisational citizenship behaviour.
Theoretical Contribution/Originality: This study reveals that training motivation mediates the relationship between training content and organisational citizenship behaviour in the organisational sample. This finding supports and broadens previous studies conducted in South East Asian and other countries.
Managerial Implication in the South East Asian context: The study findings can assist managers in understanding different paradigms of trainees’ motivation construct and formulate employee-oriented training instructions to maintain and upgrade organisational sustainability.
Research Limitation & Implications: This study has certain methodological and conceptual limitations that must be addressed in future research to strengthen its findings.
References
Abbasi, A., Ismail, W.K.W., Baradari, F., Zureigat, Q., & Abdullah, F.Z. (2022). Can organisational justice and organisational citizenship behaviour reduce workplace deviance? Intangible Capital, 18(1), 78-95.
Adams, J. S. (1963). Toward an understanding of inequity. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 67, 422–436.
Adams, J. S. (1965). Inequity in social exchange. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.). Advances in experimental psychology. New York: Academic Press.
Afram, J., Manresa, A., & Mas-Machuca, M. (2022). The impact of employee empowerment on organisational performance: The mediating role of employee engagement and organizational citizenship behaviour. Intangible Capital, 18(1), 96-119.
Afsar, B., & Umrani, W.A. (2020). Transformational leadership and innovative work behavior: The role of motivation to learn, task complexity and innovation climate. European Journal of Innovation Management, 23(3), 402-428
Alderfer, C. P. (1989). Theories reflecting my personal experience and life development. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 25(4), 351–365.
Ali Işık (2021). Factors affecting the organisational citizenship behaviour of English Language Teachers. English Teaching, 76(1), 125-151
Alias, S. A., Ong, M. H. A., Rahim, A. R. A., & Hassan, R. (2019). The role of training design factors in influencing training effectiveness among Public Service Employees. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 9(5), 898 – 913.
Andoh, R.P.K., Mensah, D.Y., & Owusu, E.A. (2022). Trainers’ pedagogical competencies and trainees’ assimilation of training content. Journal of Workplace Learning, 34(2), 133-149.
Auernhammer, J., & Hall, H. (2014). Organizational culture in knowledge creation, creativity and innovation: Towards the Freiraum model. Journal of Information Science, 40(2), 154-166
Azmar, Noor Aznida, Romle, Abd Rahim Ismail & Solehah (2015) Framing a new movement for training program and work motivation in the public service context. International Journal of Administration and Governance, 1(4), 20-25.
Beier, M.E. & Kanfer, R. (2009). Motivation in training and development. In S. W. J. Kozlowski & E. Salas (Eds.). Learning, training, and development in organizations. New York: Psychology Press.
Birdi, K., Allan, C., & Warr, P. (1997). Correlates and perceived outcomes of four types of employee development activity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82(6), 845–57.
Bonnes, C., Leiser, C., Schmidt-Hertha, B., Rott, K. J., & Hochholdinger, S. (2020). The relationship between trainers’ media-didactical competence and media-didactical self-efficacy, attitudes and use of digital media in training. International Journal of Training and Development, 24(1), 74-88.
Brislin, R. W. (1970). Back-translation for cross-cultural research. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 1(3), 185–216.
Burke, L. A., Timothy, T., & Baldwin, T.T. (1999). Workforce training transfer: A study of the effect of relapse prevention training and transfer climate. Human Resource Management, 38(3), 227-242.
Cheema, S., Afsar, B., & Javed, F. (2020). Employees’ corporate social responsibility perceptions and organizational citizenship behaviors for the environment: The mediating roles of organizational identification and environmental orientation fit. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 27(1), 9-21.
Cohen. J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral science (2nd ed.). Hillsade, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
Colquitt, J. A., LePine, J. A., & Noe, R. A. (2000). Toward an integrative theory of training motivation: A meta-analytic path analysis of 20 years of research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(5), 678–707.
Cox, E. P. (1980). The optimal number of response alternatives for a scale: A review. Journal of Marketing Research, 17(4), 407-422.
Dong, Y., Bartol, K.M., Zhang, Z.X., & Li, C. (2017). Enhancing employee creativity via individual skill development and team knowledge sharing: influences of dual‐focused transformational leadership. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 38(3), 439-458.
Eichhorn, B.R. (2014). Common method variance techniques. Paper AA11-2014. Cleveland OH: Cleveland State University.
El Hajjar, S. T., & Alkhanaizi, M. S. (2018). Exploring the factors that affect employee training effectiveness: A case study in Bahrain. Sage Open-Research Paper.
Els, R.C., Meyer, H.W., & Ellis, S. (2022). A measurement scale developed to investigate the effect of leaders' perceptions regarding attitudes towards and commitment to quality management of training. International Journal of Training and Development, 26, 120–144.
Elumalai, K. V., Sankar, J. P., R, K., John, J. A., Menon, N., Alqahtani, M. S. N., & Abumelha. M. A. (2020). Factors affecting the quality of e-learning during the COVID-19 pandemic from the perspective of higher education students. Journal of Information Technology Education Research, 19, 731-753.
Hair, J.F., Hult, G. T. M. Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). A primer on partial least Squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) (2nd Ed.). Los Angeles: SAGE Publications Inc.
Hanaysha, J. R., & Hussain, S. (2018). An examination of the factors affecting employee motivation in the Higher Education Sector. Asia-Pacific Journal of Management Research and Innovation, 14(1-2), 22-31.
Henseler, J., Ringle, C.M., & Sinkovics, R.R. (2009). The use of partial least squares path modeling in international marketing. Advances in International Marketing, 20, 277- 320.
Herzberg, F. (1987). One more time: How do you motivate employees? Harvard Business Review, 65(5), 109-120.
Herzberg, F., Mausner, B., & Snyderman, B. B. (1959). The motivation to work. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cut off criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1-55.
Ismail, A., Abdullah, A. A., Lee, U. H. M. S., Mohamad, N. I., & Ibrahim, N. I. (2018). Administrators’ roles in training programs and their relationship with trainees’ motivation. Binus Business Review, 9(1), 71-78.
Ithnin, N.S., Ismail, Md, Ismail, A., Ahmad Faiz, T (2022). Drivers and outcome of motivation to improve work through learning: Evident from South East Asia. The South East Asian Journal of Management, 16(1), 118-138
Kang, E. & Hwang, H.J. (2023). How to enhance an employee’s organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) as a corporate strategy. Journal of Industrial Disribution & Business, 14(1), 29-37.
Kataria, S., & Adhikari, B. (2022). Evaluating dimensions of organization citizenship behavior–with reference to hospitals. International Management Review, 18, 68- 74
Khaskheli, A., Jiang, Y., Raza, S. A., Qureshi, M. A., Khan, K. A., & Salam, J. (2020). Do CSR activities increase organizational citizenship behavior among employees? Mediating role of affective commitment and job satisfaction. Corporate social responsibility and Environmental Management, 27(6), 2941-2955.
Knowles, M. S. (1984). Andragogy in action. Applying modern principles of adult education. San Francisco, CA: Jossey Bass.
Kozlowski, S. W., Gully, S. M., Brown, K. G., Salas, E., Smith, E. M., & Nason, E. R. (2001). Effects of training goals and goal orientation traits on multidimensional training outcomes and performance adaptability. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 85(1), 1-31.
Kraai, N., Mashau, P. (2020). The influence of training content, learning and training transfer on training effectiveness: A case study of board members of non-profit organizations in Gauteng Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues, 8(2), 947-959
Kraiger, K., & Ford, J.K. (1993). Application of cognitive, skill-based, and affective theories of learning outcomes to new methods of training evaluation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(2), 311–328.
Kumpikaitė-Valiūnienė, V., Žičkutė, I., Banevičienė, I., Gao J., & Torres, D. (2022) The impact that different types of organizational cultures have on the adjustment of self-initiated expatriates. Frontier Psychology, 12, 1677.
Lewis, J.R. (1993). Multipoint scales: Mean and median differences and observed significance levels. International of Human-Computer Interaction, 5(4), 383-392.
Locke, E. A. (2000). Motivation, cognition, and action: An analysis of studies of task goals and knowledge. An International Review, 49, 408–429.
Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P. (1990). A theory of goal setting and task performance. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Lovaas, B. J., Jungert, T., Van den Broeck, A., & Haug, H. (2020). Does managers’ motivation matter? Exploring the associations between motivation, transformational leadership and innovation in a religious organization. Nonprofit Management and Leadership, 30(4), 569-589.
Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50(4), 370-96.
Maslow, A. H. (1954). Motivation and personality. New York: Harper and Row.
Mathieu, J. E., & Martineau, J. W. (2014). Individual and situational influences in training motivation. In Improving training effectiveness in work organizations (pp. 205-234). Psychology Press.
McClelland, D. C. (1965). Toward a theory of motive acquisition. American Psychologist, 20(5), 321–333.
Mohamad, N. I., Ismail, A., Ahmad, N. N., Mohamad, N. M., & Ibrahim, N. S. (2020). Role of online training content in enhancing job motivation. International Journal on Emerging Technologies, 11(3), 1027–1032.
Mohamad, N., I., Ismail, A., & Mohamad Nor, A. (2020). The relationship between management support in training programs and motivation to perform task with motivation to learn as mediator. Scientific Journal of Logistics, 16(3), 431-446.
Mohd Zainol, N.A., Ridzuan, A.A., & Ismail, A (2017). Testing the mediating effect of training motivation in the military training program. American Scientific Publishers, 23(24), 2934-2937.
Mohd Zainol, N.A., Yaacob, S., & Hai Liaw, J. O. (2015). Training program and job performance: The role of training motivation. Zulfaqar International Journal of Politics, Defence & Security, 2(2), 281-288
Morales-Sánchez, R. & Pasamar, S. (2020). How to improve organisational citizenship behaviour by combining ability, motivation and opportunity: The moderator role of perceived organisational support. Employee Relations: The International Journal, 42(2), 398-416.
Muthuraman, S. & Al-Haziazi, M. (2017). Examining the factors of organizational citizenship behavior with reference to corporate sectors in Sultanate of Oman. International Review of Management and Marketing, 7(1), 413-422.
Nafukho, F.M., Irby, B.J., Pashmforoosh, R., Lara-Alecio, R., Tong, F., Lockhart, M.E., El Mansour, W., Tang, S., Etchells, M., & Wang, Z. (2023). Training design in mediating the relationship of participants’ motivation, work environment, and transfer of learning. European Journal of Training and Development, 47(10), 112-132.
Ngah, N.S., Abdullah, N.L., Ramdan, M.R., Yazid, Z., & Abu Hasan, N. (2022), Kesan kepimpinan kebaktian terhadap tingkah laku kewarganegaraan organisasi: Komitmen organisasi sebagai pengantara. Jurnal Pengurusan, 64.
Nik Nazli, N. N. N., & Sheikh Khairudin, S. M. H. (2018). The factors that influence transfer of training and its effect on organizational citizenship behaviour: Evidence from Malaysia civil defence force. Journal of Workplace Learning, 30(2), 121–146.
Noe, R.A., & Schmitt, N. (1986). The influence of trainee attitudes on training effectiveness: Test of a Model. Personnel Psychology, 39, 497-523.
Organ, D.W. (1988). Organizational Citizenship Behaviour: The Good Soldier Syndrome. Lexington: Lexington Books.
Palomino, M. C. P., Valdivia, E. M., & García, A. B. (2022). Social responsibility as curricular content into initial teacher training in time of crisis. International Journal of Instruction, 15(1), 821-836.
Piatak, J. S., & Holt, S. B. (2020). Disentangling altruism and public service motivation: Who exhibits organizational citizenship behaviour? Public Management Review, 22(7), 949-973.
Podsakoff, P., M., Mackenzie, S., B., Lee, J., Y., & Podsakoff, N., P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research. A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies, Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879-903.
Podsakoff, P.M., Ahearne, M. & MacKenzie, S. B. (1997). Organizational citizenship behavior and the quantity and quality of work group performance. Journal of Applied Psychology 82(2), 262-270.
Putra, B. S. (2020). The factors influencing organizational citizenship behavior. In 5th ASEAN Conference on Psychology, Counselling, and Humanities (ACPCH 2019) (pp. 77-80). Atlantis Press.
Rahman, M. H. A., Uddin, M. S., & Dey, A. (2021). Investigating the mediating role of online learning motivation in the COVID‐19 pandemic situation in Bangladesh. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 37(6), 1513-1527.
Raimundo, R.J., & Rosário, A.T. (2022). Cyber security in the internet of things in industrial management. Applied Sciences, 12(3), 1598.
Ringle, C., M. & Sarstedt, M. (2016). Gain more insight from your PLS SEM results: The importance-performance map analysis. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 116, 1865– 1886.
Rubel, M., & Asibur Rahman, M.D. (2018). Effect of training and development on organizational citizenship behavior: Evidence from private commercial banks in Bangladesh. Global Journal of Management and Business Research, 18, 71–80.
Sekaran, U., Bougie, R (2016). Research methods for Business: A skill building approach, 7th ed. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Shmueli, G., Ray, S., Velasquez Estrada, J. M. (2016). The elephant in the room: Evaluating the predictive performance of PLS Models. Journal of Business Research, 69(10), 4552-4564.
Skinner, B. F. (1953). Science and human behavior. New York: Macmillan
Skinner, B. F. (1957). Verbal behavior. New York: Appleton Century-Crofts
Sonnentag, S., Niessen, C., & Ohly, S. (2005). Learning at work: Training and development. International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 19, 249–289.
Thareou, P. (2001). The relationship of training motivation to participation in training and development. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 74, 599-621.
Twase, I., Miiro, R. F., Matsiko, F., Ndaula, S., & Ssamula, M. (2021). Mediation of perceived content validity on motivation and training transfer among smallholder farmers in Central Uganda. International Journal of Training and Development, 26(1), 55-68
Van Dyne, L., Graham, J. W., & Dienesch, R. M. (1994). Organizational citizenship behavior: Construct
Vroom, V. H. (1973). A new look at managerial decision making. Organizational dynamics, 1(4), 66- 80.
Wallace, E. & Isabel, B. (2011). Within-role, extra-role and anti-role behaviours in retail banking. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 29(6), 470-488.
Wang, S., & Noe, R.A. (2010). Knowledge sharing: A review and directions for future research. Human Resource Management Review, 20(2), 115-131.
Widarko, A., & Anwarodin, M. K. (2022). Work motivation and organizational culture on work performance: Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) as mediating variable. Golden Ratio of Human Resource Management, 2(2), 123-138.
Wright, L., L. (1996). Qualitative international management research. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Inc.
Yaghi, A.F., & Bates, R (2020). The role of supervisor and peer support in training transfer in institutions of higher education. International Journal of Training and Development, 24(2), 89-104.
Zbierowski, P. (2020). The mystery of high performance– mediation by entrepreneurial orientation and organizational citizenship behavior. Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Innovation, 16(2), 67-91.
Zúñiga, C., Aguado, D., & Cabrera-Tenecela, P (2022). Values that work: Exploring the moderator role of protestant work ethics in the relationship between human resources practices and work engagement and organizational citizenship behavior. Administrative Sciences, 12, 11.
Recommended Citation
Mohamad, Nur Izzaty; Ismail, Azman; Abd Rahman, Ishak; Zihni Tunca, Mustafa; Pusparini, Elok Savitri; and Rino, Rino
(2023)
"Antecedents and Outcome of Trainees’ Motivation: Evident from South East Asia,"
The South East Asian Journal of Management: Vol. 17:
No.
1, Article 3.
DOI: 10.21002/seam.v17i1.1305
Available at:
https://scholarhub.ui.ac.id/seam/vol17/iss1/3