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Abstract

A number of studies have shown various agrarian conflicts as a response by local farmers against the policy of national parks that prohibits them from accessing conservation forest areas. However, previous studies had not explained the dynamics of power relations between park authorities and farmers who stand in opposition to these policies. This study employs a qualitative research approach complemented by secondary data to explain the transformation of farmer resistance in the Mount Halimun-Salak National Park (TNGHS) area, namely from their repertoire of everyday resistance to practices of land occupation. Specifically, this study uses the “powercube” analytical framework to explain the process of this transformation. The study concludes that changes have occurred within the dimensions of peasant power. Regarding the space of power, the power of farmers was transformed from being strictly exerted within closed spaces to being more open (invited), which enables them to conduct negotiations with the park authorities. Meanwhile, farmers now exert their power at the local TNGHS area level, after previously only taking place within each household. Finally, the form of power has changed from being hidden to more visible, which allows them to acquire the “recognition” of TNGHS authorities as legitimate sharecroppers. Farmers have been able to occupy land by taking advantage of the political space provided by a period of democratization, as well as their ability to mobilize economic capital and forge social relations with various actors, including the TNGHS park authorities.

Bahasa Abstract

Sejumlah penelitian menunjukkan berbagai konflik agraria sebagai respons petani lokal terhadap kebijakan taman nasional yang melarang mereka mengakses kawasan hutan konservasi. Namun, studi sebelumnya tidak menjelaskan dinamika hubungan kekuasaan antara otoritas taman dan petani yang menentang kebijakan tersebut. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan penelitian kualitatif yang dilengkapi dengan data sekunder untuk menjelaskan transformasi resistensi petani di kawasan Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun-Salak (TNGHS), yaitu dari khasanah perlawanan sehari-hari terhadap praktik penguasaan lahan. Secara khusus, penelitian ini menggunakan kerangka analisis “powercube” untuk menjelaskan proses transformasi ini. Studi ini menyimpulkan bahwa perubahan telah terjadi dalam dimensi kekuatan petani. Berkaitan dengan ruang kekuasaan, kekuasaan petani ditransformasikan dari yang dipaksakan secara ketat dalam ruang tertutup menjadi lebih terbuka (diundang), yang memungkinkan mereka untuk melakukan negosiasi dengan pihak pengelola taman. Sementara itu, petani kini mengerahkan kekuatannya di tingkat wilayah TNGHS setempat setelah sebelumnya hanya berlangsung di dalam rumah tangga masing-masing. Akhirnya, bentuk kekuasaan telah berubah dari tersembunyi menjadi lebih terlihat, yang memungkinkan mereka memperoleh “pengakuan” otoritas TNGHS sebagai petani penggarap yang sah. Petani telah mampu menempati tanah dengan memanfaatkan ruang politik yang disediakan oleh periode demokratisasi, serta kemampuan mereka untuk memobilisasi modal ekonomi dan menjalin hubungan sosial dengan berbagai aktor, termasuk otoritas taman TNGHS.

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