Abstract
Pekerja seks perempuan (PSP) merupakan kelompok yang termarginalkan secara sosial dan memiliki kerentanan yang tinggi terhadap masalah kesehatan. Upaya perluasan Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional (JKN) pada PSP masih terbatas sehingga penting dilakukan untuk mendukung pencapaian universal health coverage. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh gambaran mengenai akses JKN pada PSP di Denpasar. Penelitian ini merupakan studi kualitatif. Data dikumpulkan melalui wawancara mendalam terhadap 15 orang PSP dan empat orang mucikari di Denpasar pada Agustus hingga Oktober 2014. Hasil wawancara diolah dengan analisis tematik. Kerangka analisis yang digunakan adalah The Health Access Livelihood Framework. Kepemilikan JKN pada PSP di Denpasar masih rendah, meskipun sebagian PSP memiliki kemauan untuk menjadi peserta JKN dan memiliki kemampuan membayar iuran JKN. Faktor penghambat akses JKN pada PSP adalah rendahnya pengetahuan mengenai prosedur pendaftaran dan portabilitas JKN, kekhawatiran keberlanjutan pembayaran iuran, persepsi buruk mengenai kualitas layanan yang akan diterima jika menggunakan JKN, ketidaklengkapan administrasi kependudukan serta kebijakan yang mengharuskan peserta bukan penerima bantuan iuran (Non-PBI) Mandiri untuk mendaftarkan seluruh anggota keluarga. Akses JKN pada PSP terhambat oleh faktor-faktor individual, layanan dan kebijakan yang perlu diatasi untuk meningkatkan cakupan JKN pada PSP. Female sex workers (FSW) is marginalized social group having a high vulnerability of health problems. Effort to expand national health insurance on FSW is still limited, so it is necessarily performed in order to support the achievement of universal health coverage. This study aimed to obtain the depiction of the insurance access among FSW in Denpasar. This study was qualitative. Data was collected through in-depth interview of 15 FSW and four pimps in Denpasar from August to October 2014. The interview result was analyzed using thematic analysis. The analysis framework used was The Health Access Livelihood Framework. The insurance ownership among FSW in Denpasar was low, even though some FSW were willing to be participants and afford to pay the premium. Factors inhibiting the insurance access were the lack of knowledge regarding registration procedures and portability, fear of premium payment sustainability, negative perceptions of quality of services that would be received if using the insurance, incomplete population administration and policy requiring independent non-premium support receiver participants to register all of their family members. The insurance access among FSW was hindered by individual, service and policy factors that need to be conquered to increase the insurance coverage among FSW.
References
1. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Jaminan kesehatan nasional (JKN) dalam sistem jaminan sosial nasional. Jakarta: Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia; 2013.
2. Ward H, Day S. What happens to women who sell sex? report of a unique occupational cohort. Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2006; 82 (5): 413-7.
3. Rekart M. Sex-work harm reduction. The Lancet. 2005; 366 (9503): 2123-34.
4. Baker LM, Case P, Policichio DL. General health problems of inner-city sex workers: a pilot study. Journal of the Medical Library Association. 2003; 91 (1): 67-71.
5. Baral S, Beyrer C, Muessig K, Poteat T, Wirtz AL, Decker MR, et al. Burden of HIV among female sex workers in low-income and middleincome countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2012; 12: 538-49.
6. Januraga PP, Wulandari LPL, Muliawan P, Sawitri S, Causer L, Wirawan DN, et al. Sharply rising prevalence of HIV infection in Bali: a critical assessment of the surveillance data. International Journal of STD & AIDS. 2013; 24: 633-7.
7. Komisi Penanggulangan AIDS Provinsi Bali. Estimasi populasi kunci dan orang dengan HIV/AIDS (ODHA) tahun 2014 di Kabupaten/Kota Provinsi Bali. Denpasar: Komisi Penanggulangan AIDS Provinsi Bali; 2014.
8. Komisi Penanggulangan AIDS Provinsi Bali. Strategi dan rencana aksi daerah (SRAD) penanggulangan HIV dan AIDS di Provinsi Bali tahun 2013-2018. Denpasar: Komisi Penanggulangan AIDS Provinsi Bali; 2013.
9. Januraga PP, Wulandari LPL, Nopiyani NMS. Pengembangan layanan kesehatan dasar yang komprehensif bagi pekerja seks perempuan di Bali: penjajagan struktur sosial masyarakat dalam pencegahan HIV/AIDS. Denpasar: Ikatan Alumni Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia Bali; 2010.
10. Minh HV, Phuong NTK, Saksena P, James CD, Xu K. Financial burden of household out-of pocket health expenditure in Viet Nam: Findings from the National Living Standard Survey 2002-2010. Social Science & Medicine. 2013; 96 (2013): 258-63.
11. Limwattananon S, Tangcharoensathien V, Prakongsai P. Catastrophic and poverty impacts of health payments: results from national household surveys in Thailand. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2007; 85 (8): 600-6.
12. Xu K, Evans DB, Kawabata K, Zeramdini R, Klavus J, Murray CJL. Household catastrophic health expenditure: a multicountry analysis. The Lancet. 2003; 362: 111-7.
13. Obrist B, Iteba N, Lengeler C, Makemba A, Mshana C, Nathan R, et al. Access to health care in contexts of livelihood insecurity: a framework for analysis and action. PLoS Medicine. 2007; 4 (10): 1584-8.
14. Sugiyatmi TA. Gambaran asuransi kesehatan pada era JKN pada wanita pekerja seksual di lokalisasi Kota Tarakan, Kalimantan Utara. Forum Nasional V Jaringan Kebijakan Kesehatan Indonesia, Bandung, 24-26 September 2014. Bandung: Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Padjajaran; 2014.
15. Mou J, Cheng J, Zhang D, Jiang H, Lin L, Griffiths SM. Health care utilisation amongst Shenzhen migrant workers: does being insured make a difference? BMC Health Service Research. 2009; 9 (214):1-9.
16. Peng Y, Chang W, Zhou H, Hu H, Liang W. Factors associated with health-seeking behavior among migrant workers in Beijing, China. BMC Health Services Research. 2010; 10 (69): 1-10.
17. Intiasari AD. Determinan keberlanjutan pembayaran premi non PBI mandiri pada JKN di wilayah pedesaan Kabupaten Purbalingga. Forum Nasional V Jaringan Kebijakan Kesehatan Indonesia; 24-26 September 2014; Bandung. Bandung: Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Padjajaran; 2014.
18. Cuevas S, Mina C, Barcenas M, Rosario A. Informal employment in Indonesia. Manila: Asian Development Bank; 2009.
19. Thabrany H. Jaminan kesehatan nasional. Jakarta: Divisi Buku Perguruan Tinggi PT Raja Grafindo; 2014.
20. Jannatul N, Mansur F, Purwaningrum D, Sapardi H. Masyarakat meragukan mutu layanan kesehatan gratis: persepsi masyarakat terhadap pemanfaatan jaminan kesehatan masyarakat di Jawa Timur. Forum Nasional V Jaringan Kebijakan Kesehatan Indonesia; 24-26 September 2014; Bandung. Bandung: Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Padjajaran; 2014. p. 36.
21. Radja II. Jaminan kesehatan masyarakat di Indonesia Timur: benarkah bermanfaat? Forum Nasional V Jaringan Kebijakan Kesehatan Indonesia, 24-26 September 2014; Bandung. Bandung: Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Padjajaran; 2014.
22. Lestari TRP. Implementasi program asuransi kesehatan masyarakat miskin di Nusa Tenggara Timur. Kesmas: Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Nasional. 2009; 3 (6 ): 264-9.
23. Aji B, Allegri MD, Souares A, Sauerborn R. The impact of health insurance programs on out-of-pocket expenditures in Indonesia: An increase or a decrease? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2013; 10: 2995-3013.
24. Lagomarsino G, Garabrant A, Adyas A, Muga R, Otoo N. Moving towards universal health coverage: health insurance reforms in nine developing countries in Africa and Asia. The Lancet. 2012; 380: 933-43.
25. Katz I, Routh S, Bitran R, Hulme A, Avila C. Where will the money come from? Alternative mechanisms to HIV donor funding. BioMed Central Pub Health [serial on internet]. 2014 [cited 2015 Jan];14 (956). Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/14/956
Recommended Citation
Nopiyani NM , Indrayathi PA , Listyowati R ,
et al.
Akses Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional pada Pekerja Seks Perempuan.
Kesmas.
2015;
9(4):
308-314
DOI: 10.21109/kesmas.v9i4.734
Available at:
https://scholarhub.ui.ac.id/kesmas/vol9/iss4/3
Included in
Biostatistics Commons, Environmental Public Health Commons, Epidemiology Commons, Health Policy Commons, Health Services Research Commons, Nutrition Commons, Occupational Health and Industrial Hygiene Commons, Public Health Education and Promotion Commons, Women's Health Commons