Abstract

Peningkatan kadar gula darah memicu peningkatan produksi hormon insulin yang erat hubungannya dengan diabetes melitus. Berdasarkan data Riskesdas, prevalensi diabetes melitus di Indonesia meningkat dari 1,1% (2007) menjadi 2,1% (2013). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor dominan yang berhubungan dengan kadar gula darah puasa pegawai pemberdayaan masyarakat & keluarga dan pegawai sekretariat daerah Kota Depok. Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah potong lintang dan melibatkan 105 sampel. Variabel independen penelitian meliputi karakteristik individu, asupan zat gizi, hipertensi, aktivitas fisik, status gizi dan pengetahuan gizi. Analisis data yang dilakukan adalah analisis univariat, analisis bivariat menggunakan uji korelasi dan uji beda dua mean, serta analisis multivariat menggunakan uji regresi linear ganda. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rata-rata kadar gula darah puasa adalah 95,14±10,863 pada keseluruhan responden, sedangkan 94,07±11,55 mg/dl pada perempuan, dan 96,47±9,92 mg/dl pada laki-laki. Diabetes melitus (≥126 mg/dl) ditemukan sebesar 2,9% dan impaired fasting glucose (100-125 mg/dl) sebesar 22,9%. Berdasarkan hasil analisis bivariat, terdapat hubungan antara usia, asupan karbohidrat, dan aktivitas fisik dengan kadar gula darah puasa (p<0,05). Hasil analisis multivariat menunjukkan bahwa asupan karbohidrat merupakan faktor dominan yang berhubungan kadar gula darah puasa. Increased blood glucose levels lead to excess insulin secretion that is closely associated with diabetes mellitus. Based on Riskesdas, prevalence of diabetes mellitus in Indonesia has increased from 1,1% (2007) to 2,1% (2013). This study was aimed to find dominant factor associated with fasting blood glucose level. Cross sectional design were used to conduct this study and involved 105 samples. Independent variables in this study were individual characteristics, nutrients intake, history of hypertention, physical activities, nutritional status and nutritional knowledge. Bivariate analysis was performed by correlation test and two different test mean. Multivariate analysis was performed by multiple linear regression test. Result showed that the average of employees’ fasting blood glucose level is 95.14±10.863, 94.07 ± 11.55 mg/dL for woman and 96.47 ± 9.92 mg/dl for man. This study found 2.9% employees with diabetes mellitus (³126 mg/dl) and 22.9% employees with impaired fasting glucose (100-125 mg/dl). Result of bivariate analysis showed that associated between age, carbohydrate intake, physical activities with fasting blood glucose level. Result of multivariate analysis showed that carbohydrate intake was a dominant factor related to fasting blood glucose level.

References

1. Holt, RIG. Textbook of diabetes. UK: Blackwell Publishing; 2010.

2. Dunning, T. Care of people with diabetes: a manual of nursing practice. UK: Blackwell Publishing; 2003.

3. Nam HC. IDF diabetes atlas. 6th ed. Belgia: International Diabetes Federation; 2013.

4. Irawan D. Prevalensi dan faktor risiko kejadian diabetes melitus tipe 2 di daerah urban indonesia (analisa data sekunder Riskesdas 2007) [tesis]. Depok: Universitas Indonesia; 2010.

5. Mursu J, Virtanen JK, Tuomainen TP, Nurmi T, Voutilainen S. Intake of fruit, berries, and vegetables and risk of type 2 diabetes in Finnish men: the kuopio ischaemic heart disease risk factor study. Am J Clin Nutr [serial on the internet]. 2014 Feb [cited 2013 Nov 20]: 99 (2); [about 6p]. Available from: http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/early/2013/11/20/ ajcn.113.069641.full.pdf+html

6. American Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and classification diabetes melitus. US: Diabetes Care; 2012.

7. Perkumpulan Endokrinologi Indonesia. Konsensus pengelolaan dan pencegahan diabetes melitus tipe 2 di Indonesia 2011. Indonesia: PERKENI; 2011.

8. Kaushik M, Mozaffarian D, Spiegelman D, Manson JE, Willett WC, Hu FB. Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, fish intake, and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am J Clin Nutr [serial on the internet]. 2009 Sept [cited 2009 July 22]: 90 (3); [about 8p]. Available from: http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/90/3/613.

9. Boggs DA, Rosenberg L, Narvaez EA, Palmer JR. Coffee, tea, and alcohol intake in relation to risk of type 2 diabetes in African American women. Am J Clin Nutr [serial on the internet]. 2010 Oct [cited 2010 Sept 8]: 92 (4); [about 7p]. Available from: http://ajcn. nutrition.org/content/92/4/960.

10. Persatuan Ahli Gizi Indonesia. Penuntun konseling gizi. Jakarta: abadi publishing and printing; 2010.

11. Nurdiono, F. Kajian kadar gula darah pada polisi lalu lintas yang bertugas di lapangan (terpajan polutan) dengan polisi yang bertugas di kantor (tidak terpajan polutan) di Jakarta tahun 2012 [skripsi]. Depok: Universitas Indonesia; 2012.

12. Iswantho. Beberapa faktor yang berhubungan dengan gula darah puasa pasien rawat jalan diabetes melitus tipe 2 di puskesmas kecamatan Pasar Minggu Jakarta tahun 2004 [skripsi]. Depok: Universitas Indonesia; 2004.

13. Yunir W, Waspadji S, Rahajeng E. The pre-diabetic epidemiological study in Depok, West Java. Acta Medica Indonesiana [serial on the internet]. 2009 Oct [cited 2012 Aug 5]: 41 (4); [about 5p]. Available from: http://inaactamedica.org/archives/2011/21785171.pdf.

14. Nainggolan O, Kristanto AY, Edison H. Determinan diabetes mellitus analisis baseline data studi kohort penyakit tidak menular Bogor 2011. Jouirnal of Litbangkes [Internet]. 2013 [diakses tanggal 3 Desember 2013]: 16 (3); [8 halaman]. Diunduh dalam: http://ejournal.litbang. depkes.go.id/index.php/hsr/article/view/3471/3435.

15. Kurniawan I. Diabetes mellitus tipe 2 pada usia lanjut. Majalah Kedokteran Indonesia [internet]. 2010 [diakses tanggal 5 Februari 2012]: 60 (12); [about 9p]. Diunduh dalam: http://indonesia.digitaljournals.org/index.php/idnmed/article/download/511/508.

16. Kuswandi A, Sitorus R, Gayatri D. Pengaruh relaksasi terhadap penurunan kadar gula darah pada pasien diabetes mellitus tipe 2 di sebuah rumah sakit di Tasikmalaya. Jurnal Keperawatan Indonesia [internet]. 2008 [diakses tanggal 5 Agustus 2014]; 2012 (2): [about 7p]. Available from:http://jki.ui.ac.id/index.php/jki/article/view/208/pdf_137.

17. Xu J, Adar S, Loria C, Howard B, Fabsitz R, Begum M, Zephier E, Leemeyer E. Macronutrient intake and glycemic control in a population-based sample of American Indians with diabetes: the Strong Heart Study. Am J Clin Nutr [serial on the internet]. 2007 August [cited 2012 Jun 5]: 86 (2); [about 8p]. Available from: http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/86/2/480.full.

18. Rahmawati. Pengaruh indeks massa tubuh (IMT) terhadap kejadian hiperglikemia pada pegawai negeri sipil di lingkungan pemerintah Kota Depok tahun 2009 [tesis]. Depok: Universitas Indonesia; 2009.

19. Rumiyati. Hubungan aktivitas fisik dengan kejadian diabetes mellitus tipe 2 di lima wilayah DKI Jakarta tahun 2006 [tesis]. Depok: Universitas Indonesia; 2008.

20. Meyer K, Kushi L, Jacobs D, Slavin J, Sellers T, Folsom A. Carbohydrates, dietary fiber, and incident type 2 diabetes in older women. Am J Clin Nutr [serial on the internet]. 2000 Apr [cited 2012 Apr 5]: 71 (4); [about 10p]. Available from: http://ajcn.nutrition.iorg/content/71/4/921.full.pdf+html? sid=82010f36-4bb5-45c2-9432-472a33fe728e.

21. Schienkiewitz A, Schulze M, Hoffmann K, Kroke A, Boeing H. Body mass index history and risk of type 2 diabetes: result from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Postdam Study. Am J Clin Nutr [serial on the internet]. 2006 March [cited 2010 jun5]: 84 (2); [about 7p]. Available from: http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/84/2/427.full.pdf+html?sid=80b2661f-5e8e-4f53-a855- 46f73759208e.

22. Soetiarto F, Roselinda, Suhardi. Hubungan diabetes mellitus dengan obesitas berdasarkan indeks massa tubuh dan lingkar pinggang data riskesdas 2007. Jurnal Litbangkes [internet]. 2010 [diakses tanggal 15 Februari 2012]: 38 (1); [7 halaman]. Diunduh dalam: http://ejournal.litbang.depkes.go.id/index.php/BPK/article/view/121.

23. Mahan LK, Raymond JL, Stump SE. Krause’s food and the nutrition care process. 13th edition. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2012.

24. Halton T, Liu S, Manson J, Hu F. Low-carbohydrate-diet score and risk of type 2 diabetes in women. Am J Clin Nutr [serial on the internet]. 2008 Feb [cited 2012 Aug 5]: 87 (2); [about 8p]. Available from: http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/87/2/339.full.pdf+html?sid=bfd390ff-a55c-4c51-b3e4- 406734b39055.

25. Opara E. Nutrition and diabetes: pathophysiology and management. United State of America: CRC Press; 2005.

Download

Share

COinS