Abstract

Indonesia masih menghadapi masalah malnutrisi pada anak. Untuk menanggulanginya pemerintah telah melakukan berbagai upaya, diantaranya program kesehatan ibu dan anak serta pemberian makanan tambahan bagi anak dari keluarga yang rentan. Meskipun demikian, kasus malnutrisi anak di Indonesia tidak berkurang secara bermakna. Tulisan ini bertujuan membahas penyebab malnutrisi yang masih menjadi masalah besar dengan mengkaji dari sudut pandang gender. Studi ini dilakukan berdasarkan kajian kepustakaan dan analisis dokumen. Analisis gender terhadap kasus malnutrisi dilakukan dengan menggunakan Harvard Framework serta Moser and Liverpool Guideline. Studi ini memperlihatkan bahwa kasus malnutrisi anak di Indonesia sangat dipengaruhi oleh kondisi sosial, budaya, dan ekonomi, termasuk tingkat pendidikan dan kesetaraan gender. Dalam perspektif gender, malnutrisi anak merupakan akibat dari kurangnya hak kepemilikan sumber daya bagi perempuan dalam keluarga dan masyarakat. Beban kerja berat perempuan dalam keluarga yang mempengaruhi kondisi kesehatan juga akhirnya berdampak pada kondisi gizi anak. Oleh karena itu, berbagai strategi yang dilakukan untuk meningkatkan status gizi anak harus mengandung nilai-nilai kesetaraan gender.

Indonesia still faces child malnutrition problem almost in all regions in the country. The government has done efforts to address the problem, such as mother and child health program in ministry of health and nutrition program through supplementary feeding for venerable group. However, the cases dos not decrease significantly. This paper looks at why child malnutrition is still a big problem in the country by exploring trhough gender perspectives in addressing the problem. This study is based on literature and documents analysis. The gender analysis toward child malnutrition case is conducted through the framework of Harvard and Moser and Liverpool guideline for analysis gender and health. This study reveals that child malnutrition cases in Indonesia are strongly influenced by sociocultural and economic factors in the country, including education attainment and gender equality. From gender’s perspective, child malnutrition is as a result of lack of control over the resources within the family and the community. Also, triple role of women within the family affects on women health wellbeing and the child nutrition status. Therefore, the strategies to improve child nutrition status should incorporate gender equality values.

References

  1. Elfindri, Dasvarma GL. Child malnutrition in Indonesia. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies. 1996; 32 (1): 97-111.
  2. Parawansa KI. Institution building: an effort to improve Indonesian women role and status. In: Robinson K and Bessell S, editors. Woman in Indonesia: gender equity and development. Singapore: Institute of South East Asian Studies; 2002. p. 68-77.
  3. Darwin MM. Negara dan perempuan: reorientasi kebijakan publik. Yogyakarta: Media Wacana; 2005.
  4. Azwar A. Kecenderungan masalah gizi dan tantangan masa datang dalam Pertemuan Advokasi Gizi; 2004 September 27; Hotel Sahid Jaya, Jakarta.
  5. Badan Pusat Statistik. Indonesia demographic and health survey 2002- 2003. Jakarta: BPS; 2003.
  6. Badan Perencanaan dan Pembangunan Nasional. Indonesian progress report on millennium development goal. Jakarta: United Nations Development Programme dan Badan Perencanaan dan Pembangunan Nasional; 2004.
  7. Suryahadi A, Sumarto S. Poverty and vulnerability in Indonesia before and after the economic crisis. Asian Economic Crisis 2003; 17 (1): 45- 64.
  8. Water H, Saadah F, Pradhan M. The Impact of the 1997-98 East Asian economic crisis on health and health care in Indonesia. Health Policy and Planning. 2003; 8: 172-81.
  9. Palupi S. Busung lapar dan amnesia nasional. Kompas. 2005 June 9.
  10. Surbakti S. Gender main streaming and sex disaggregated data. In: Robinson K and Bessell S, editors. Woman in Indonesia: gender equity and development. Singapore: Institute of South East Asian Studies; 2002. p. 209-18.
  11. Departemen Keuangan RI. Data pokok APBN 205-2010. Jakarta: Departemen Keuangan RI. 2010 [diakses tanggal 5 Januari 2011]. Diunduh dari: http://www.fiskal.depkeu.go.id/webbkf/download/datapokok-ind2010.pdf.
  12. Galler JR, Barret LR. Children and famine. Ambulatory Child Health. 2001; 7: 85–95.
  13. Sjahrir K. Wanita: beberapa catatan antropologis. Dalam Hafidz L, editor. Perempuan dalam wacana politik orde baru. Jakarta: LP3ES; 2004. p. 58-81.
  14. Jones GN. The changing Indonesian household. In: Robinson K and Bessell S, editors. Woman in Indonesia: gender equity and development. Singapore: Institute of South East Asian Studies; 2002. p. 219-34.
  15. March C, Smith I, Mukhopadyay M. A guide to gender analysis framework. Oxford, UK: Oxfam; 1999.
  16. The Gender Health Group of Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine. Guidelines analysis of gender and health. Liverpool: Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine. 1999. [diakses tanggal 1 September 2009]. Diunduh dari: http://www.liv.ac.uk/lstm/hsr/GG-1.html.
  17. Moss NE. Gender equity and socioeconomic inequality: a framework for the patterning the women’s health. Social Science and Medicine. 2002; 54: 649-61.
  18. Osmani S, Sen A. The hidden penalties of gender inequalities: fetal origin of ill-health. Economic and Human Biology. 2002; 1: 105-21.
  19. Smith LC, Ramakrishnan U, Ndiaye A, Haddad L, Mastorell R. The importance of women’s status for child nutrition in developing countries. Washington DC: International Food and Policy Research Institute; 2003.
  20. Khomsan A. Perempuan dan busung lapar. Republika. 2006 Aug 7.
  21. Hunt J. Introduction to gender analysis concept and steps. Development Bulletin. 2004; 64: 100-6.
  22. Standing H. Gender: a missing dimensions in human resources policy and planning. 1999. [diakses tanggal 5 September 2009]. Diunduh dari: http://www.who.int/hrh/en/HRDJ_4_1_04.pdf.

Download

Included in

Nutrition Commons

Share

COinS