Abstract

The Indonesian Government took some preventive measures to slow the spread of the COVID-19 virus, including social restrictions and encouraging individuals to stay at home and avoid needless gatherings. This study aimed to identify factors related to anxiety symptoms during large-scale social restrictions. This study employed a cross-sectional design using the snowball technique in an online survey. A total of 788 respondents comprised the target population to detect the smallest effect size (Cohen's dz = .2), with the level of power of 0.8 using G*Power 3.1, specifically targeting adults aged over 18 years. Out of 1,194 people who took part in the survey, 847 completed all the answers. The findings revealed that 42% of participants experienced feelings of nervousness, anxiety, or agitation, and 42.5% became easily agitated during the COVID-19 pandemic. Nonetheless, 81.7% of those surveyed reported being able to manage their concerns, and 80.7% had good time management during the COVID-19 pandemic. Descriptive analysis showed that sex, residence, marital status, number of children, occupational status, being infected by COVID-19, health concern, and time management had a relationship with anxiety symptoms.

References

1. World Health Organizaition. New WHO estimates: Up to 190 000 people could die of COVID-19 in Africa if not controlled. Brazzaville: World Health Organization Africa; 2020.

2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Fact Sheet on SARS isolation and quarantine. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2005.

3. Brooks SK, Webster RK, Smith LE, et al. The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence. Lancet. 2020; 395 (10227): 912–20. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8.

4. Ibrahim F, Natasha A, Saharman YR, et al. Preliminary report of COVID-19 testing: experience of the clinical microbiology laboratory Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia. New Microbes New Infect. 2020; 37: 100733. DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100733.

5. Anugerah AR, Muttaqin PS, Purnama DA. Effect of large-scale social restriction (PSBB) during COVID-19 on outdoor air quality: Evidence from five cities in DKI Jakarta Province, Indonesia. Environ Res. 2021; 197: 111164. DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111164.

6. Adi GN, Rochman A. Regions close schools, cancel public events because of COVID-19. Jakarta: The Jakarta Post; 2020.

7. Anindyajati G, Wiguna T, Murtani BJ, et al. Anxiety and its associated factors during the initial phase of the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia. Front Psychiatry. 2021; 12: 634585. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.634585.

8. Triastuti NJ, Herawati E. Demographic characteristics and anxiety in the educational setting during the COVID‐19 pandemic in indonesia: A cross‐sectional study. Health Sci Rep. 2022; 5 (5): e792. DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.792.

9. Boateng GO, Doku DT, Enyan NIE, et al. Prevalence and changes in boredom, anxiety and well-being among Ghanaians during the COVID-19 pandemic: A population-based study. BMC Public Health. 2021; 21 (1): 985. DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-10998-0.

10. Pheko MM, Mhaka‐Mutepfa M, Mfolwe LM, et al. Psychometrics validation of the WHO-5 wellbeing index in Botswana, Zimbabwe, and Malaysia: Coping with COVID-19 pandemic in the global south study. Sage Open. 2023; 13 (4). DOI: 10.1177/21582440231198387.

11. Jaya ES, Novrianto R, Dewantary NI, et al. The universality of anxiety experiences between Germany, Indonesia, and the US: A measurement invariance analysis. J Affect Disord. 2024; 361: 334-340. DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.06.046.

12. Budikayanti A, Larasari A, Malik K, et al. Screening of generalized anxiety disorder in patients with epilepsy: Using a valid and reliable Indonesian version of generalized anxiety disorder-7 (GAD-7). Di Lazzaro V, editor. Neurol Res Int. 2019; 5902610. DOI: 10.1155/2019/5902610.

13. Badan Pusat Statistik. Penduduk Berumur 15 Tahun Ke Atas Menurut Pendidikan Tertinggi yang Ditamatkan dan Jenis Kegiatan Selama Seminggu yang Lalu, 2008–2020. Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik; 2020.

14. Badan Pusat Statistik. Statisik Indonesia 2020. Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik; 2020.

15. Alberque B, Laporte C, Mondillon L, et al. Prevalence of post‑traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in healthcare workers following the first SARS‑CoV epidemic of 2003: A systematic review and meta‑analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022; 19 (20): 13069. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013069.

16. Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JBW, et al. A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: The GAD-7. Arch Intern Med. 2006; 166 (10): 1092–1097. DOI: 10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092.

17. Fu W, Wang C, Zou L, et al. Psychological health, sleep quality, and coping styles to stress facing the COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. Transl Psychiatry. 2020; 10: 225. DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-00913-3.

18. Özdin S, Bayrak Özdin Ş. Levels and predictors of anxiety, depression and health anxiety during COVID-19 pandemic in Turkish society: The importance of gender. Int J Soc Psychiatry. 2020; 66 (5): 504-511. DOI: 10.1177/0020764020927051.

19. Danek R, Taylor HL, Hilts KE. Changes in reported levels of depression and anxiety among rural and urban populations during the COVID‐19 Pandemic. Ment Health Sci. 2023: 1 (3); 128–135. DOI: 10.1002/mhs2.24.

20. Liu L, Xue P, Li SX, et al. Urban-rural disparities in mental health problems related to COVID-19 in China. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2021; 69: 119-120. DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2020.07.011.

21. Islam MA, Barna SD, Raihan H, et al. Depression and anxiety among university students during the COVID‐19 pandemic in Bangladesh: A web‐based cross‐sectional survey. PLoS One. 2020; 15 (8): e0238162. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238162.

22. Cénat JM, Mahdi M, Darly R. Prevalence and determinants of depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms among black individuals in Canada in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatry Res. 2023; 326: 115341. DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2023.

23. Curtis AF, Rodgers M, Miller MB, et al. Impact of sex on COVID-19 media exposure, anxiety, perceived risk, and severity in middle-aged and older adults. J Aging Health. 2022; 34 (1): 51-59. DOI: 10.1177/08982643211025383.

24. Jeong H, Yim HW, Lee SY, et al. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on gender differences in depression based on national representative data. J Korean Med Sci. 2023; 38 (6): e36. DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2023.38.e36.

25. Saravanan C, Mahmoud I, Elshami W, et al. Knowledge, anxiety, fear, and psychological distress about COVID-19 among university students in the United Arab Emirates. Front Psychiatry. 2020; 11: 582189. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.582189.

26. Klein SL, Dhakal S, Ursin RL, et al. Biological sex impacts COVID-19 outcomes. PLoS Pathog. 2020; 16 (6): e1008570. DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008570.

27. Raišienė AG, Rapuano V, Varkulevičiūtė K. Sensitive men and hardy women: How do millennials, xennials and gen x manage to work from home? J Open Innov Technol Mark Complex. 2021; 7 (2): 106. DOI: 10.3390/joitmc7020106.

28. Ando S, Nishida A, Usami S, et al. Help-seeking intention for depression in early adolescents: Associated factors and sex differences. J Afect Disord. 2018; 238: 359–365. DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.05.077.

29. Kerr ML, Rasmussen HF, Fanning KA, et al. Parenting during COVID-19: A study of parents’ experiences across gender and income levels. Fam Relat. 2021; 70 (5): 1327-1342. DOI: 10.1111/fare.12571.

30. Malesza M, Kaczmarek MC. Predictors of anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland. Pers Individ Dif. 2021; 170: 110419. DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110419.

31. Upadhyay R, Sweta Singh B, Singh U. Psychological impact of quarantine period on asymptomatic individuals with COVID-19. Soc Sci Humanit Open. 2020; 2 (1): 100061. DOI: 10.1016/j.ssaho.2020.100061.

32. Benke C, Autenrieth LK, Asselmann E, et al. Lockdown, quarantine measures, and social distancing: Associations with depression, anxiety and distress at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic among adults from Germany. Psychiatry Res. 2020; 293: 113462. DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113462.

33. Puci MV, Nosari G, Loi F, et al. Risk perception and worries among health care workers in the COVID-19 pandemic: Findings from an Italian survey. Healthcare (Basel). 2020; 8 (4): 535. DOI: 10.3390/healthcare8040535.

34. Novita RS, Koesma RE, Sahrani R. The relationship of feelings of loneliness with symptoms of social anxiety in early adulthood due to changes in social dynamics after the pandemic. RIWAYAT Educ J Hist Human. 2023; 6 (4): 2823–2834. DOI: 10.24815/jr.v6i4.35444.

35. Kong G, Kong D, Shi L. Sleeplessness in COVID-19 pandemic: Lockdown and anxiety. J Asian Econ. 2022; 80: 101460. DOI: 10.1016/j.asieco.2022.101460.

36. Owen R, Ashton RE, Bewick T, et al. Profiling the persistent and episodic nature of long COVID symptoms and the impact on quality of life and functional status: A cohort observation study. J Glob Health. 2025; 15: 04006. DOI: 10.7189/jogh.15.04006.

37. Amiri M, Jamalzadeh, A, Khosravi, A. Investigating the anxiety caused by COVID‑19 and its relationship with self‑efficacy and general health in Iranian nurses. Open Public Health J. 2024; 17. DOI: 10.2174/0118749445308986240603064738.

Download

Share

COinS