"Socio-Epidemiological Perspectives of Sexual Trauma Experiences and In" by Rico Januar Sitorus, Misnaniarti Misnaniarti et al.
 

Abstract

The complexity of sexuality and sexual trauma experiences, including harassment, unwanted touching, sexual urges, and forced sexual intercourse, should not be underestimated because of the tendency to initiate adverse psychosocial impacts. Sexual harassment can increase mental health risks, which may influence sexual orientation decisions. This quantitative study, using a cross-sectional design, aimed to determine a relationship between sexual trauma experiences and sexual orientation in men who have sex with men (MSM). This study population was MSM living in Palembang and Prabumulih City, with a sample size of 216 respondents. The proportion of respondents with homosexual orientation was 57.1%, and the proportion having sexual trauma experiences was 42.3%. The multiple logistic regression identified a significant relationship between sexual trauma experiences and sexual orientation in MSM with a pvalue of 0.02, an adjusted odds ratio of 2.71, and a 95% CI of 1.17-6.26. These results suggested a higher risk of a different sexual orientation among traumatized MSM compared to MSM without one after controlling access to pornographic content and correcting parenting patterns. Sexual trauma has been shown to affect individual sexual orientation; therefore, special attention is needed due to the impact on future life behavior.

References

1. Diamond LM. Sexual fluidity in male and females. Curr Sex Health Rep. 2016; 8: 249–256. DOI: 10.1007/s11930-016-0092-z.

2. Reisner SL, Choi SK, Herman JL, et al. Sexual orientation in transgender adults in the United States. BMC Public Health. 2023; 23: 1799. DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16654-z.

3. Safron A. Sexual orientation BT. In: Shackelford TK, Weekes-Shackelford VA, editors. Encyclopedia of evolutionary psychological science. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing; 2021. p. 7416–7427.

4. Russell ST, Fish JN. Mental health in lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) youth. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2016; 12: 465–487. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-021815-093153.

5. Clark KA, Mennies RJ, Olino TM, et al. Parent versus child report of children’s sexual orientation: Associations with psychiatric morbidity in the adolescent brain cognitive development study. Ann Epidemiol. 2020; 45: 1–4. DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2020.03.009.

6. Suen Y tung, Chan RCH. A nationwide cross-sectional study of 15,611 lesbian, gay and bisexual people in China: Disclosure of sexual orientation and experiences of negative treatment in health care. Int J Equity Health. 2020; 19 (1): 46. DOI: 10.1186/s12939-020-1151-7.

7. World Health Organization, The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. Recommended population size estimates of men who have sex with men. Geneva: World Health Organization, The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS; 2020.

8. Laxmi L, Raemon R, Koodoh E, et al. Metode Life History dalam menggungkap penyebab pilihan orientasi seksual pada komunitas gay di Kota Kendari. Khatulistiwa. 2023; 3 (4): 128–141. DOI: 10.55606/khatulistiwa.v3i4.2361.

9. Kothari R, Key R, Lawrenson J, et al. Understanding risk of suicide among perpetrators who view child sexual abuse material (CSAM). J Forensic Leg Med. 2021; 81: 102188. DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2021.102188.

10. Steine IM, Winje D, Krystal JH, et al. Cumulative childhood maltreatment and its dose-response relation with adult symptomatology: Findings in a sample of adult survivors of sexual abuse. Child Abuse Negl. 2017; 65: 99–111. DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.01.008.

11. Prowell AN, Williams J. Mentoring as a protective factor: Exploring its impact on childhood sexual abuse survivors. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2021; 128: 106169. DOI: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2021.106169.

12. Hall WJ. Psychosocial risk and protective factors for depression among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and queer youth: A systematic review. J Homosex. 2018; 65 (3): 263–316. DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2017.1317467.

13. Niedlich C, Steffens MC, Dieckmann J. Reactions and feelings to a close relative’s coming out in a heterosexual relationship. Front Psychol. 2022; 13: 836428. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.836428.

14. Green AE, Price-Feeney M, Dorison SH. Association of sexual orientation acceptance with reduced suicide attempts among lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and questioning youth. LGBT Health. 2021; 8 (1): 26–31. DOI: 10.1089/lgbt.2020.0248.

15. Sitorus RJ, Antara NY, Sangalang R, et al. Understanding the health-related quality of life of people living with HIV based on sexual orientation. Kesmas. 2023; 18 (1): 73–79. DOI: 10.21109/kesmas.v18i1.6623.

16. van der Star A. The socioecology of sexual minority stigma: Advancing theory on stigma-based mechanisms underlying sexual orientation-based disparities in health. Soc Sci Med. 2024; 363: 117484. DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.117484.

17. Chautrakarn S, Ong-Artborirak P, Naksen W, et al. Stigmatizing and discriminatory attitudes toward people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) among general adult population: The results from the 6th Thai National Health Examination Survey (NHES VI). J Glob Health. 2023; 13: 04006. DOI: 10.7189/jogh.13.04006.

18. Lwanga SK, Lemeshow S. Sample size determination in health studies: A practical manual. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1991.

19. Ford JD, Grasso DJ, Elhai JD, et al. Social, cultural, and other diversity issues in the traumatic stress field. Posttraumatic Stress Disord. 2015; 503-546. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-801288-8.00011-X.

20. Betancourt TS, Abdi S, Ito BS, et al. We left one war and came to another: Resource loss, acculturative stress, and caregiver–child relationships in Somali refugee families. Cultur Divers Ethnic Minor Psychol. 2015; 21 (1): 114-125. DOI: 10.1037/a0037538.

21. Craib K, Patterson S, Laborde S, et al. The dark core of personality predicts mate poaching, jealousy, sociosexual orientation, ambivalent sexism, and attitudes toward sexual harassment. Pers Individ Dif. 2024; 225: 112667. DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2024.112667.

22. Barreto M, Doyle DM. Benevolent and hostile sexism in a shifting global context. Nat Rev Psychol. 2023; 2 (2): 98-111. DOI: 10.1038/s44159-022-00136-x.

23. Ranganathan M, Wamoyi J, Pearson I, et al. Measurement and prevalence of sexual harassment in low-and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2021; 11 (6): e047473. DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-047473.

24. Andersen JP, Zou C, Blosnich J. Multiple early victimization experiences as a pathway to explain physical health disparities among sexual minority and heterosexual individuals. Soc Sci Med. 2015; 133: 111–119. DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.03.043.

25. Szalacha LA, Hughes TL, McNair R, et al. Mental health, sexual identity, and interpersonal violence: Findings from the Australian longitudinal Women’s health study. BMC Womens Health. 2017; 17: 94. DOI: 10.1186/s12905-017-0452-5.

26. McGinley M, Wolff JM, Rospenda KM, et al. Risk factors and outcomes of chronic sexual harassment during the transition to college: Examination of a two-part growth mixture model. Soc Sci Res. 2016; 60: 297–310. DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2016.04.002.

27. Mosley-Johnson E, Garacci E, Wagner N, et al. Assessing the relationship between adverse childhood experiences and life satisfaction, psychological well-being, and social well-being: United States Longitudinal Cohort 1995-2014. Qual Life Res. 2019; 28 (4): 907-914. DOI: 10.1007/s11136-018-2054-6.

28. Petruccelli K, Davis J, Berman T. Adverse childhood experiences and associated health outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Child Abuse Negl. 2019; 97: 104127. DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104127.

29. Pachankis JE, Clark KA, Klein DN, et al. Early timing and determinants of the sexual orientation disparity in internalizing psychopathology: A prospective cohort study from ages 3 to 15. J Youth Adolesc. 2022; 51 (3): 458-470. DOI: 10.1007/s10964-021-01532-x.

30. Kardum I, Hudek-Knezevic J, Marijanović K, et al. Predicting mate poaching experiences from personality traits using a dyadic analysis. J Sex Res. 2023; 60 (3): 384–398. DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2022.2092586.

31. Wolff M, Wells B, Ventura-DiPersia C, et al. Measuring sexual orientation: A review and critique of US data collection efforts and implications for health policy. J Sex Res. 2017; 54 (4-5): 507-531. DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2016.1255872.

32. Sterrett EM, Birkett M, Kuhns L, et al. Non-parental adults in the social and risk behavior networks of sexual minority male youth. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2015; 55: 62–70. DOI: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2015.05.007.

33. Brown H, Fisher J, Cwikel J, et al. Cognitive behavioural and art-based program (CB-ART): A pilot study in an early parenting centre. Pilot Feasibility Stud. 2023; 9 (1): 140. DOI: 10.1186/s40814-023-01297-z.

34. Fajria NL. Pengasuhan anak jelang remaja (PAJAR): Membentuk orientasi seksual. Indramayu: Penerbit Adab; 2023.

35. Li Y, Zhou D, Dai Y, et al. Gender differences in the association between sexual orientation and risky sexual behavior among college students with sexual experience in Sichuan Province, Chinese. Sex Med. 2022; 10 (5): 100547. DOI: 10.1016/j.esxm.2022.100547.

36. Goldfarb ES, Lieberman LD. Three decades of research: The case for comprehensive sex education. J Adolesc Health. 2021; 68 (1): 13-27. DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.07.036.

37. Lim MSC, Agius PA, Carrotte ER, et al. Young Australians’ use of pornography and associations with sexual risk behaviours. Aust N Z J Public Health. 2017; 41 (4): 438–443. DOI: 10.1111/1753-6405.12678.

38. Lim MSC, Carrotte ER, Hellard ME. The impact of pornography on gender-based violence, sexual health and well-being: What do we know? J Epidemiol Community Health. 2016; 70 (1): 3–5. DOI: 10.1136/jech-2015-205453.

39. Paulus FW, Nouri F, Ohmann S, et al. The impact of Internet pornography on children and adolescents: A systematic review. Encephale. 2024; 50 (6): 649-662. DOI: 10.1016/j.encep.2023.12.004.

40. Chang Q, Xing J, Chang R et al. Online sexual exposure, cyberbullying victimization and suicidal ideation among Hong Kong adolescents: Moderating effects of gender and sexual orientation. Psychiatry Res Commun. 2021; 1 (2): e100003. DOI: 10.1016/j.psycom.2021.100003.

Share

COinS