Abstract

Pengaruh dari kebisaan merokok terhadap gejala gangguan pernapasan telah banyak diteliti. Tulisan ini merupakan bagian dari disertasi doktoral berdasarkan studi potong lintang mengenai kesehatan lingkungan di perumahan kumuh di Jakarta, ibukota Indonesia yang dikenal tinggi polusi udaranya. Studi ini menemukan bahwa di samping faktor-faktor lain, merokok adalah faktor risiko kesehatan untuk gangguan pernapasan pada 263 balita di wilayah penelitian. Anak-anak yang direkrut tidak menunjukkan gejala gangguan pernapasan pada awal observasi dan diikuti selama dua minggu untuk mendeteksi kemunculan gangguan pernapasan. Faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan kondisi fisik perumahan dan aktifitas rumah tangga juga dicatat. Analisis data dilakukan dengan pengendalian konfounder. Cut-off yang dianggap paling spesifik dan sensitif dalam kaitannya dengan kemunculan gejala pernapasan pada anak konsentrasi PM10 dalam ruang sebesar 70 mg/m3. Studi ini menemukan bahwa konsumsi sigaret secara signifikan berhubungan dengan konsentrasi PM10 dalam ruang. Setiap batang rokok yang dihisap oleh ayah berhubungan dengan peningkatan PM10 dalam ruang sebesar 2.6 mg/m3 to 3.9 mg/m3. Namun studi ini tidak menemukan hubungan antara kondisi fisik rumah dengan PM10 dalam ruang. Kesimpulan akhir dari studi ini adalah bahwa di perumahan yang padat, kebiasaan merokok orang tua adalah faktor kritik kualitas udara dalam ruang , dan dengan demikian menjadi fakto risiko kesehatan bagi penghuninya.

Statistically significant respiratory symptoms effects of smoking had been reported in many studies. The present paper was a partial report of a public health doctoral dissertation base on a cross-sectional environmental health study done in homes of a slum area in Jakarta, capital of Indonesia where ambient air pollution was significantly high. The paper described that among other factors, smoking was the health risk factor related to the development of respiratory symptoms among 263 children under-five in the research area. The children recruited were without any respiratory symptoms at the beginning of the observation, and then were followed for 2 weeks to detect the occurrence of any respiratory symptoms. Factors relating to physical conditions of homes and household activities were also recorded. Analysis of data was done including the control of confounding factors. A cut-off of 70 mg/m3 indoor PM10 concentration as the surrogate for quantitative measure of smoking was seen as the most specific and sensitive level in relation to the occurrence of respiratory symptoms among the children. The study signified that the consumption of cigarettes was significantly related to the increase of indoor PM10 concentration. Every single cigarette consumed by the father was related to of indoor PM10 increase in the range from 2.6 mg/m3 to 3.9 mg/m3. However, the study was not able to prove any influence on the variation of the indoor PM10 concentrations by the physical factor of the homes studied. The end conclusion of the study showed that in homes of an overcrowded area, parental smoking was the critical factor for the quality of indoor air, hence the health risk to the respiration system of the occupants.

References

  1. Tri-Tugaswati, A. 1993. “Review of Air Pollution and Its Health Impact in Indonesia.” In Environmental Research 63. Academic Press, Inc. 95—100.
  2. Office for Environmental and Urban Study (OEUS). Report: Air Quality Monitoring of Jakarta 1994-1995. Jakarta: Office for Environmental and Urban Study DKI Jakarta; 1995.
  3. Surjadi C. Environment and Health in Jakarta, a Situational Analysis. In: Conference City ‘93 EPH ’93, Antwerp. Jakarta: The Urban Health Study Group Atma Jaya Catholic University.
  4. Purwana, R. (1999). Household Particulate Matter as Risk Factor of Respiratory health Effect in Children Age Less than Five Years (A Study in the Pekojan Village, Jakarta).University of Indonesia.
  5. Gamble, J. F. and Lewis, R. J. (1996). “Health and Respirable Particulate (PM10) Air Pollution: A Causal or Statistical Association?” In Environmental Health Perspective 104:838—850.

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