Abstract

COVID-19 became a pandemic because of its high-speed transmission via salivary and airborne droplet routes. Viruses can enter host cells through ACE-2 receptors in various human organs, including the oral cavity. The oral manifestations that arise include white plaque, ulceration, burning sensation, oral mucositis, depapillation of the tongue, dry mouth, halitosis, and loss of the sense of taste. Poor oral hygiene, comorbidities, decreased immunity, and stress can exacerbate these manifestations. This review study aimed to report various oral manifestations of COVID-19 related to oral hygiene. Relevant articles were identified from PubMed, ScienceDirect, Elsevier, and Google Scholar. Out of the 60 articles selected, only 36 could be reviewed. The World Health Organization recommends early detection for individuals with suspected exposure to the COVID-19 virus to control its spread, including checking for oral manifestations. Oral hygiene is an important factor affecting the manifestations of the oral cavity of COVID-19 patients, so examination of the condition of oral hygiene is recommended in the medical management of COVID-19 patients. To conclude, oral hygiene is related to the emergence of oral manifestation in COVID-19-infected patients.

References

1. Zhang R, Li Y, Zhang AL, et al. Identifying airborne transmission as the dominant route for the spread of COVID-19. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2020; 117 (26): 14857–63. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2009637117

2. Patel A, Charani E, Ariyanayagam D, et al. New-onset anosmia and ageusia in adult patients diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2020; 26 (9): 1236–1241. DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.05.026

3. Paderno A, Schreiber A, Grammatica A, et al. Smell and Taste Alterations in COVID-19: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Different Cohorts. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2020; 10 (8): 955-962. DOI: 10.1002/alr.22610

4. Capocasale G, Nocini R, Faccioni P, et al. How to deal with coronavirus disease 2019: A comprehensive narrative review about oral involvement of the disease. Clin Exp Dent Res. 2021; 7 (1): 101–108. DOI: 10.1002/cre2.332

5. Pang W, Zhang D, Zhang J, et al. Tongue features of patients with coronavirus disease 2019: A retrospective cross-sectional study. Integr Med Res. 2020; 9 (3): 100493. DOI: 10.1016/j.imr.2020.100493

6. Karthika PS, Rathy R, Jayanthi P, et al. Oral Manifestations of COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review. J Orofac Sci. 2021; 13 (1): 73-81. DOI: 10.4103/jofs.jofs_91_21

7. Sangha R, Sumanjit, Sandhu R, et al. COVID-19: Oral ManifestationsA Dentist's Perspective. Int Healthcare Res J. 2021: 5 (2): RV1–RV5. DOI: 10.26440/ihrj/0502.05411

8. Díaz Rodríguez M, Jimenez Romera A, Villarroel M. Oral manifestations associated with COVID-19. Oral Dis. 2022; 28 (Suppl 1): 960- 962. DOI: 10.1111/odi.13555

9. Riad A, Kassem I, Stanek J, et al. Aphthous stomatitis in COVID-19 patients: Case-series and literature review. Dermatol Ther. 2021; 34 (1): e14735. DOI: 10.1111/dth.14735

10. Brandão TB, Gueiros LA, Melo TS, et al. Oral lesions in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection: Could the oral cavity be a target organ? Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2021; 131 (2): e45-e51. DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2020.07.014

11. Ciccarese G, Drago F, Boatti M, et al. Oral erosions and petechiae during SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Med Virol. 2021; 93 (1): 129-132. DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26221

12. Iranmanesh B, Khalili M, Amiri R, et al. Oral manifestations of COVID-19 disease: A review article. Dermatol Ther. 2020; 34 (1): e14578. DOI: 10.1111/dth.14578

13. Subramaniam T, Nikalje MR, Jadhav S. Oral manifestations among COVID-19: An observational study of 713 patients. Dent Res J (Isfahan). 2021; 18: 67.

14. Abubakr N, Salem ZA, Kamel AHM. Oral manifestations in mild-tomoderate cases of covid-19 viral infection in the adult population. Dent Med Probl. 2021; 58 (1): 7–15. DOI: 10.17219/dmp/130814

15. Jimenez-Cauhe J, Ortega-Quijano D, Carretero-Barrio I, et al. Erythema multiforme-like eruption in patients with COVID-19 infection: Clinical and histological findings. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2020; 45 (7): 892-95. DOI: 10.1111/ced.14281

16. Glavina A, Biočina-Lukenda D, Mravak-Stipetić M, Markeljević J. Oral symptoms and lesions in SARS-CoV-2-positive patient. Oral Dis. 2022. 28 Suppl 1 (Suppl 1): 970-980. DOI: 10.1111/odi.13596

17. Mohammed F, Fairozekhan AT, Mohamed S, et al. Oral manifestations associated with Novel Coronavirus Disease - 2019 (COVID-19): A questionnaire based hypothetical study. F1000Res. 2023; 11: 1443. DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.128125.2

18. Binmadi NO, Aljohani S, Alsharif MT, et al. Oral Manifestations of COVID-19: A Cross-Sectional Study of Their Prevalence and Association with Disease Severity. J Clin Med. 2022; 11 (15): 4461. DOI: 10.3390/jcm11154461

19. Eghbali Zarch R, Hosseinzadeh P. COVID-19 from the perspective of dentists: A case report and brief review of more than 170 cases. Dermatol Ther. 2021; 34 (1): e14717. DOI: 10.1111/dth.14717

20. Sinjari B, D'ardes D, Santilli M, et al. SARS-CoV-2 and oral manifestation: An observational, human study. J Clin Med. 2020; 9 (10): 3218. DOI: 10.3390/jcm9103218

21. Dziedzic A, Wojtyczka R. The impact of coronavirus infectious disease 19 (COVID-19) on oral health. Oral Dis. 2021; 27 (Suppl 3): 703- 706. DOI: 10.1111/odi.13359

22. World Health Organization. Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Pandemic. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2023.

23. World Health Organization. Report of the WHO-China Joint Mission on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020.

24. World Health Organization. COVID-19 clinical management: living guidance. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2023.

25. Lotfi M, Rezaei N. SARS-CoV-2: A comprehensive review from pathogenicity of the virus to clinical consequences. J Med Virol. 2020; 92 (10): 1864-1874. DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26123

26. Elias C, Sekri A, Leblanc P, et al. The incubation period of COVID19: A meta-analysis. Int J Infect Dis. 2021; 104: 708-710. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.01.069

27. Yuki K, Fujiogi M, Koutsogiannaki S. COVID-19 pathophysiology: A review. Clin Immunol. 2020; 215: 108427. DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2020

28. Chen Y, Peng Y, Xu H, O’Brien WH. Age Differences in Stress and Coping: Problem-Focused Strategies Mediate the Relationship Between Age and Positive Affect. Int J Aging Hum Dev. 2018; 86 (4): 347–363. DOI: 10.1177/0091415017720890

29. Katz J, Yue S. Increased odds ratio for COVID-19 in patients with recurrent aphthous stomatitis. J Oral Pathol Med. 2021; 50 (1): 114– 117. DOI: 10.1111/jop.13114

30. Elmi Rankohi Z, Shabanian M, Maleki D. Oral Manifestations of Patients Taking Anti-Hypertensive Medications. J Iranian Dental Assoc. 2020; 32 (3-4): 83–88.

31. Nwachukwu I, Nkire N, Shalaby R, et al. COVID-19 pandemic: Agerelated differences in measures of stress, anxiety and depression in Canada. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020; 17 (17): 6366. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17176366

32. Kaligis F, Indraswari MT, Ismail RI. Stress during COVID-19 pandemic: Mental health condition in Indonesia. Med J Indonesia. 2020; 29 (4): 436–441. DOI: 10.13181/mji.bc.204640

33. Andersen BM. Oral Hygiene. In: Prevention and Control of Infections in Hospitals. Springer; Cham. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-99921-0_23

Download

Included in

Epidemiology Commons

Share

COinS