Abstract

The mortality and severity risks due to COVID-19 infection are higher in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) than those with no such condition. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between health literacy, social support, and the health belief model in PLWHA in preventing COVID-19 from entering the endemic phase. An analytic observational study with a cross-sectional design was conducted in October 2021 among 94 PLWHA selected by purposive sampling in Kupang City, Indonesia. The bivariate data analysis used the Chi-square, and the multivariate data analysis used the binomial logistic regression test. The results showed that 88.3% of the participants had poor COVID-19 literacy, 67% had low emotional support, and 71.3% had poor COVID-19 prevention behavior. The results of the multivariate analysis showed that the factors with the strongest association, COVID-19 literacy (95% CI = 1.71–108.55; PR = 4.15)and emotional support (95% CI= 1.01–53.81; PR = 2.35), improve COVID-19 prevention behavior. Implementing communication, information, education, and policy strategies is important to improve literacy and emotional support to prevent COVID-19 from entering the endemic phase among PLWHA.

References

1. Mahase E. COVID-19: WHO declares pandemic because of “alarming levels” of spread, severity, and inaction. BMJ. 2020; 368: m1036. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.m1036

2. World Health Organization. WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021.

3. Annisa D. Situasi Terkini Perkembangan Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) 27 Oktober 2021. Jakarta: Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia; 2021.

4. Ssentongo P, Heilbrunn ES, Ssentongo AE, et al. Prevalence of HIV in patients hospitalized for COVID-19 and associated mortality outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2020; 7 (Suppl 1): S266. DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofaa439.588

5. United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. World AIDS Day Report: Unequal, Unprepared, Under Threat. Geneva: United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS; 2021.

6. Direktorat Jenderal Pencegahan dan Pengendalian Penyakit Menular. Laporan Perkembangan HIV AIDS dan Penyakit Infeksi Menular Seksual (PIMS) Triwulan I Tahun 2021. Jakarta: Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia; 2021.

7. Komisi Penanggulangan AIDS. Laporan Kasus HIV dan AIDS Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur Tahun 2021. Kupang: Komisi Penanggulangan AIDS Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur; 2022.

8. Bhaskaran K, Rentsch CT, MacKenna B, Schultze A, Mehrkar A, Bates CJ, et al. HIV infection and COVID-19 death: A populationbased cohort analysis of UK primary care data and linked national death registrations within the OpenSAFELY platform. Lancet HIV. 2021; 8 (1): e24–32. DOI: 10.1016/S2352-3018(20)30305-2

9. Kenmoe S, Bigna JJ, Modiyingi AF, Ndangang MS, Ngoupo PA, Simo FBN, et al. Case fatality rate and viral aetiologies of acute respiratory tract infections in HIV positive and negative people in Africa: The VARIAFRICA-HIV systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Virol. 2019; 117: 96–102. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2019.06.006

10. Hoffmann C, Casado JL, Härter G, Vizcarra P, Moreno A, Cattaneo M, et al. Immune deficiency is a risk factor for severe COVID-19 in people living with HIV. HIV Med. 2021; 22 (5): 372–8. DOI: 10.1111/hiv.13037

11. Härter G, Spinner CD, Roider J, Bickel M, Krznaric I, et al. COVID-19 in people living with human immunodeficiency virus: A case series of 33 patients. Infection. 2020; 48 (5): 681–6. DOI: 10.1007/s15010-020-01438-z

12. Shekhar R, Barton A, Sheikh AB, Upadhyay S, Salas NM. Coronavirus disease of 2019 in patients with well-controlled human immunodeficiency virus on antiretroviral therapy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2020; 85 (1): e1-e4. DOI: 10.1097/QAI.0000000000002415

13. Talic S, Shah S, Wild H, Gasevic D, Maharaj A, Ademi Z, et al. Effectiveness of public health measures in reducing the incidence of COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2 transmission, and COVID-19 mortality: Systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2021; 375. DOI: 10.1136/bmj-2021-068302

14. Doung-ngern P, Suphanchaimat R, Panjangampatthana A, Janekrongtham C, Ruampoom D, Daochaeng N, et al. Case-Control Study of Use of Personal Protective Measures and Risk for SARS-CoV 2 Infection, Thailand. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020; 26 (11): 2607-2616. DOI: 10.3201/eid2611.203003

15. Odone A, Vigezzi GP, Baldanti F. Implications of COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness waning for public health. Lancet Infect Dis. 2022; 22 (7): 918-919. DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00233-X

16. Scherer AM, Gedlinske AM, Parker AM, Gidengil CA, Askelson MN, Petersen CA, et al. Acceptability of adolescent COVID-19 vaccination among adolescents and parents of adolescents-United States, April 15- 23, 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2021; 70 (28): 997-1003. DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7028e1

17. Niu Z, Qin Z, Hu P, Wang T. Health beliefs, trust in media sources, health literacy, and preventive behaviors among high-risk Chinese for COVID-19. Health Commun. 2022; 37: 1004-1012. DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2021.1880684

18. Hulley SB, Cummings SR, Newman TB. Designing Clinical Research. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincot Williams & Wilkins, a Wolter Kluwer business; 2013. Chapter 7, Designing Cross-Sectional and Cohort Studies. p. 85-96.

19. Archila PA, Danies G, Molina J, Truscott de Mejía AM, Restrepo S. Towards COVID-19 literacy: Investigating the literacy levels of university students in Colombia. Sci Educ. 2021; 30: 785-808. DOI: 10.1007/s11191-021-00222-1

20. Manurung IFE, Wahyuni CU, Probandari A. Religious leader's support toward individual at risk of HIV/AIDS to attend voluntary counselling and testing service. Kesmas J Kesehat Masy Nas (National Public Health Journal). 2020; 15 (2): 73-79. DOI: 10.21109/kesmas.v15i2.3057

21. Karimy M, Bastami F, Sharifat R, Heydarabadi AB, Hatamzadeh N, Pakpour AH, et al. Factors related to preventive COVID-19 behaviors using health belief model among general population: A cross-sectional study in Iran. BMC Public Health. 2021; 21 (1): 1934. DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-11983-3

22. Kim H-Y, Shin S-H, Lee E-H. Effects of health belief, knowledge, and attitude toward COVID-19 on prevention behavior in health college students. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022; 19 (3): 1898. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031898

23. Duplaga M. The determinants of conspiracy beliefs related to the COVID-19 pandemic in a nationally representative sample of internet users. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020; 17 (21): 7818. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17217818

24. Abel T, McQueen D. Critical health literacy and the COVID-19 crisis. Health Promot Int. 2020; 35 (6): 1612-1613. DOI: 10.1093/heapro/daaa040

25. Gonçalves MR, Dos Reis RCP, Tólio RP, Pellanda LC, Schmidt MI, Katz N, et al. Social distancing, mask use, and transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, Brazil, April-June 2020. Emerg Infect Dis. 2021; 27 (8): 2135. DOI: 10.3201/eid2708.204757

26. Ejeh FE, Owoicho S, Saleh AS, Madukaji L, Okon KO. Factors associated with preventive behaviors, anxiety among healthcare workers and response preparedness against COVID-19 outbreak: A one health approach. Clin Epidemiol Glob Heal. 2021; 10: 100671. DOI: 10.1016/j.cegh.2020.11.004

27. Matterne U, Egger N, Tempes J, Tischer C, Lander J, Dierks ML, et al. Health literacy in the general population in the context of epidemic or pandemic coronavirus outbreak situations: Rapid scoping review. Patient Educ Couns. 2021; 104 (2): 223–34. DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2020.10.012

28. Yin Y, Yang X, Gao L, Zhang S, Qi M, Zhang L, et al. The association between social support, COVID-19 exposure, and medical students' mental health. Front Psychiatry. 2021; 12. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.555893

29. Jaspal R, Breakwell GM. Social support, perceived risk and the likelihood of COVID-19 testing and vaccination: Cross-sectional data from the United Kingdom. Curr Psychol. 2022; 41 (1): 492-504. DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-01681-z

30. Mustamin SN, Angraini S, Salsabila S, Simanjuntak M, Riany YE. The meaning of family social support for COVID-19 survivor: A phenomenological study of nomads who affected by COVID-19. J Fam Sci. 2022; 52-67. DOI: 10.29244/jfs.vi.36541

31. Yehualashet SS, Asefa KK, Mekonnen AG, Gemeda BN, Shiferaw WS, Aynalem YA, et al. Predictors of adherence to COVID-19 prevention measure among communities in North Shoa Zone, Ethiopia based on health belief model: A cross-sectional study. PLoS One. 2021; 16 (1): e0246006. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246006

32. Song S, Yao X, Wen N. What motivates Chinese consumers to avoid information about the COVID-19 pandemic?: The perspective of the stimulus-organism-response model. Inf Process Manag. 2021; 58 (1): 102407. DOI: 10.1016/j.ipm.2020.102407

33. Nwakasi C, Esiaka D, Uchendu I, Bosun-Arije S. Factors influencing compliance with public health directives and support for government's actions against COVID-19: A Nigerian case study. Sci African. 2022; 15: e01089. DOI: 10.1016/j.scief.2021.e01089

34. Jose R, Narendran M, Bindu A, Beevi N, et al. Public perception and preparedness for the pandemic COVID 19: A health belief model approach. Clin Epidemiol Glob Health 2021; 9: 41-6. DOI: 10.1016/j.cegh.2020.06.009

35. Fathian-Dastgerdi Z, Tavakoli B, Jaleh M. Factors associated with preventive behaviors of COVID-19 among adolescents: Applying the health belief model. Res Soc Adm Pharm. 2021; 17 (10): 1786–90. DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2021.01.014

36. Shahnazi H, Ahmadi-Livani M, Pahlavanzadeh B, Rajabi A, Hamrah MS, Charkazi A. Assessing preventive health behaviors from COVID19 based on the health belief model (HBM) among people in Golestan Province: A cross-sectional study in Northern Iran. 2020; DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-24871/v1

37. Suprayitno E, Hidayat S, Mumpuningtias ED, Permatasari D, Wardita Y. Community-based health education improve knowledge and attitudes of COVID-19 prevention. J Nurs Pract. 2021; 5 (1): 136–45. DOI: 10.30994/jnp.v5i1.164

Download

Share

COinS