Abstract

Health facilities are experiencing overcapacity, oxygen scarcity, and a limited number of healthcare providers due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), thus impacted on anxiety. This study aimed to determine predictors of anxiety among healthcare providers toward the Delta variant of COVID-19 in Indonesia. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 371 healthcare providers in Java and Bali Islands, and the snowball sampling technique was used. Data were collected using a questionnaire and distributed through social media (WhatsApp), then analyzed using univariate analysis, bivariate analysis (Chi-square test), and multivariate analysis (multiple logistic regression). The results showed that 81 (21.8%) respondents experienced anxiety. The workplace (AOR: = 0.617; p-value = 0.011), a history of confirmed positive for COVID-19 (AOR = 2.965; p-value<0.001), and the respondent's comorbidities (AOR = 8.753; p-value<0.001) were significantly associated with anxiety toward the Delta variant. Healthcare managers must regularly evaluate the psychological condition of their subordinates during the COVID-19 pandemic so that anxiety can be detected and overcome early through constructive self-adaptation and positive coping mechanisms.

References

1. Cucinotta D, Vanelli M. WHO declares COVID-19 a pandemic. Acta Bio Medica: Atenei Parmensis. 2020; 91 (1): 157.

2. WHO. WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID19 Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020.

3. Dhama K, Khan S, Tiwari R, Sircar S, Bhat S, Malik YS, et al. Coronavirus disease 2019–COVID-19. Clinical microbiology reviews. 2020; 33 (4): e00028-20.

4. Shehzad K, Xiaoxing L, Bilgili F, Koçak E. COVID-19 and spillover effect of global economic crisis on the United States' financial stability. Frontiers in psychology. 2021; 12: 632175.

5. Kaye AD, Okeagu CN, Pham AD, Silva RA, Hurley JJ, Arron BL, et al. Economic impact of COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare facilities and systems: International perspectives. Best Practice & Research Clinical Anaesthesiology. 2021; 35 (3): 293-306.

6. Hiscott J, Alexandridi M, Muscolini M, Tassone E, Palermo E, Soultsioti M, et al. The global impact of the coronavirus pandemic. Cytokine & growth factor reviews. 2020; 53: 1-9.

7. Nicola M, Alsafi Z, Sohrabi C, Kerwan A, Al-Jabir A, Iosifidis C, et al. The socio-economic implications of the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19): A review. International journal of surgery. 2020; 78: 185-93.

8. Belitski M, Guenther C, Kritikos AS, Thurik R. Economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on entrepreneurship and small businesses. Small Business Economics. 2022; 58 (2): 593-609.

9. Ourworldindata. Daily new confirmed COVID-19 cases. Oxford: Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford; 2022.

10. GAVI. From Alpha to Omicron: Everything you need to know about SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern Geneva: the vaccine alliance; 2021.

11. World Health Organization. Tracking SARS-CoV-2 variants. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2022.

12. Tian D, Sun Y, Zhou J, Ye Q. The global epidemic of the SARS-CoV2 delta variant, key spike mutations and immune escape. Frontiers in immunology. 2021; 12.

13. Vaughan A. Delta to dominate world. Elsevier; 2021.

14. Hendaus MA, Jomha FA. Delta variant of COVID-19: a simple explanation. Qatar Medical Journal. 2021; 2021 (3): 49.

15. Shiehzadegan S, Alaghemand N, Fox M, Venketaraman V. Analysis of the Delta variant B.1.617.2 COVID-19. Clinics and Practice. 2021; 11 (4): 778-84.

16. World Health Organization. Q and A on CCOVID-19 variants. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2022.

17. Bernal JL, Andrews N, Gower C, Gallagher E, Simmons R, Thelwall S, et al. Effectiveness of Covid-19 vaccines against the B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant. New England Journal of Medicine. 2021.

18. Bian L, Gao Q, Gao F, Wang Q, He Q, Wu X, et al. Impact of the Delta variant on vaccine efficacy and response strategies. Expert review of vaccines. 2021; 20 (10): 1201-9.

19. Hu Z, Huang X, Zhang J, Fu S, Ding D, Tao Z. Differences in clinical characteristics between Delta variant and wild-type SARS-CoV-2 infected patients. Frontiers in Medicine. 2021; 8.

20. Elbehri A, Temel T, Burcu Ceylan F, Mittal S, Kularatne D, Dawe D. COVID-19 pandemic impacts on Asia and the Pacific. 2022.

21. Dyer O. Covid-19: Indonesia becomes Asia's new pandemic epicentre as delta variant spreads. British Medical Journal Publishing Group. 2021.

22. Ourworldindata. Daily new confirmed COVID-19 cases. Oxford: Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford, Global Change Data Lab; 2022.

23. Ourworldindata. Moving-average case fatality rate of COVID-19. Oxford: Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford; 2022.

24. Laporcovid-19. 2087 tenaga kesehatan Indonesia gugur melawan Covid-19 Jakarta: lapor Covid-19. Pusara Digital Tenaga Kesehatan; 2022.

25. Setiawan HW, Pratiwi IN, Nimah L, Pawanis Z, Bakhtiar A, Fauzinigtyas R, et al. Challenges for healthcare workers caring for COVID-19 patients in Indonesia: a qualitative study. INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing. 2021; 58: 00469580211060291.

26. American Psychiatric Association. What are Anxiety Disorders?; 2022.

27. Townsend MC, Morgan KI. Psychiatric mental health nursing: Concepts of care in evidence-based practice: FA Davis; 2017.

28. Freud A. The ego and the mechanisms of defence: Routledge; 2018.

29. Swarjana I. Konsep pengetahuan, sikap, perilaku, persepsi, stres, kecemasan, nyeri, dukungan sosial, Kepatuhan, Motivasi, Kepuasan, Pandemi Covid-19, Akses Layanan Kesehatan – Lengkap Dengan Konsep Teori, Cara Mengukur Variabel, dan Contoh Kuesioner. Yogyakarta: Penerbit Andi; 2022.

30. Norhayati MN, Ruhana CY, Azman YM. Anxiety in frontline and nonfrontline healthcare providers in Kelantan, Malaysia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (3): 861.

31. Lai J, Ma S, Wang Y, Cai Z, Hu J, Wei N, et al. Factors associated with mental health outcomes among healthcare providers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019. JAMA network open. 2020; 3 (3): e203976-e.

32. Setiawati Y, Wahyuhadi J, Joestandari F, Maramis MM, Atika A. Anxiety and resilience of healthcare workers during COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare. 2021; 14: 1.

33. Chinvararak C, Kerdcharoen N, Pruttithavorn W, Polruamngern N, Asawaroekwisoot T, Munsukpol W, et al. Mental health among health - care workers during COVID-19 pandemic in Thailand. PloS one. 2022; 17 (5): e0268704.

34. Al Mutair A, Al Mutairi A, Alabbasi Y, Shamsan A, Al-Mahmoud S, Alhumaid S, et al. Level of anxiety among healthcare providers during COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia: cross-sectional study. PeerJ. 2021;9:e12119.

35. Motahedi S, Aghdam NF, Khajeh M, Baha R, Aliyari R, Bagheri H. Anxiety and depression among healthcare workers during COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study. Heliyon. 2021; 7 (12): e08570.

36. Daniel WW, Cross CL. Biostatistics: A Foundation for Analysis in the Health Sciences: Wiley; 2018. 37. Swarjana I. Populasi-Sampel, Teknik Sampling dan Bias dalam Penelitian. Yogyakarta: Penerbit Andi; 2022.

38. Hamilton M. The assessment of anxiety states by rating. British journal of medical psychology. 1959.

39. Ramdan IM. Reliability and validity test of the Indonesian version of the hamilton anxiety rating scale (ham-a) to measure work-related stress in nursing. Jurnal Ners. 2019; 14 (1): 33.

40. Mohsin SF, Agwan MA, Shaikh S, Alsuwaydani ZA, AlSuwaydani SA. COVID-19: fear and anxiety among healthcare workers in Saudi Arabia. a cross-sectional study. INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing. 2021; 58: 00469580211025225.

41. Javadi MH. Health anxiety and social health among healthcare providers and health volunteers exposed to coronavirus disease in Iran (2020): A structural equation modeling. Journal of Affective Disorders Reports. 2022; 8: 100321.

42. Weibelzahl S, Reiter J, Duden G. Depression and anxiety in healthcare professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic. Epidemiology & Infection. 2021; 149.

43. Siddiqui I, Aurelio M, Gupta A, Blythe J, Khanji MY. COVID-19: Causes of anxiety and wellbeing support needs of healthcare professionals in the UK: A cross-sectional survey. Clinical Medicine. 2021; 21 (1): 66.

44. Al Ammari M, Sultana K, Thomas A, Al Swaidan L, Al Harthi N. Mental health outcomes amongst healthcare providers during COVID 19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 2021: 1550.

45. Yilmaz AN, Altiparmak S, Derya YA. The impact of working unit and being diagnosed with COVID-19 on secondary traumatic stress level in midwives: a cross-sectional and comparative study. Journal of Clinical Medicine of Kazakhstan. 2021; 18 (4): 46-51.

46. ANTARA. Infografik: Gelombang I dan II COVID-19 di Indonesia Jakarta: ANTARA Kantor Berita Indonesia, Satgas COVID-19; 2021.

47. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Studi terbaru: vaksin COVID-19 efektif mencegah perawatan dan kematian Jakarta: Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia; 2021.

48. Than HM, Nong VM, Nguyen CT, Dong KP, Ngo HT, Doan TT, et al. Mental health and health-related quality-of-life outcomes among frontline health workers during the peak of COVID-19 outbreak in Vietnam: a cross-sectional study. Risk management and healthcare policy. 2020; 13: 2927.

49. Suryavanshi N, Kadam A, Dhumal G, Nimkar S, Mave V, Gupta A, et al. Mental health and quality of life among healthcare professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic in India. Brain and behavior. 2020; 10 (11): e01837.

50. Apisarnthanarak A, Apisarnthanarak P, Siripraparat C, Saengaram P, Leeprechanon N, Weber DJ. Impact of anxiety and fear for COVID-19 toward infection control practices among Thai healthcare workers. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology. 2020; 41 (9): 1093-4.

51. Arnetz JE, Goetz CM, Sudan S, Arble E, Janisse J, Arnetz BB. Personal protective equipment and mental health symptoms among nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of occupational and environmental medicine. 2020; 62 (11): 892-7.

52. Mattila E, Peltokoski J, Neva MH, Kaunonen M, Helminen M, Parkkila AK. COVID-19: anxiety among hospital staff and associated factors. Annals of Medicine. 2021; 53 (1): 237-46.

53. Alzaid EH, Alsaad SS, Alshakhis N, Albagshi D, Albesher R, Aloqaili M. Prevalence of COVID-19-related anxiety among healthcare workers: a cross-sectional study. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care. 2020; 9 (9): 4904.

54. Arpacioglu S, Gurler M, Cakiroglu S. Secondary traumatization outcomes and associated factors among the healthcare providers exposed to the COVID-19. International Journal of Social Psychiatry. 2021; 67 (1): 84-9.

55. Yörük S, Acikgoz A, Güler D. The predictors of secondary traumatic stress and psychological resilience in healthcare workers during the COVID‐19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study in Turkey. Stress and Health. 2022.

56. Çelmeçe N, Menekay M. The effect of stress, anxiety and burnout levels of healthcare professionals caring for COVID-19 patients on their quality of life. Frontiers in psychology. 2020: 3329.

57. Dosil M, Ozamiz-Etxebarria N, Redondo I, Picaza M, Jaureguizar J. Psychological symptoms in health professionals in Spain after the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Frontiers in Psychology. 2020; 11: 606121.

58. Stojanov J, Malobabic M, Stanojevic G, Stevic M, Milosevic V, Stojanov A. Quality of sleep and health-related quality of life among health care professionals treating patients with coronavirus disease-19. International Journal of Social Psychiatry. 2021; 67 (2): 175-81.

Share

COinS