•  
  •  
 

Abstract

Oil spills into the sea have always been a major threat to the environment since the increase of oil and hazardous substances trade by sea-going vessels and seaborne craft since the 1960s. Consequently, it became necessary to ensure sufficient compensation for persons who suffer from damage caused by pollution emerging from the discharge of oil from ships. The 1969 International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage (Civil Liability Convention/CLC) and The 2001 International Convention on Civil Liability for Bunker Oil Pollution Damage (Bunker Convention) grant compensation for parties suffering from damages of oil pollution. Despite being established as an attempt to unify international legal basis and procedures on oil spill damage compensation, the conventions are often defeated by States’ pursuit of civil liability by choice of law or criminal liability. Albeit the convention states that the convention shall apply exclusively in the territory and exclusive economic zone of a contracting State, these variations of States’ court decisions come in regards to which institution serves a greater benefit for the liability of oil pollution damage. This paper will evaluate the effectiveness of the implementation of the conventions from the perspective of Indonesian Private International Law through a series of case studies dating back to 1967 with the Torrey Canyon incident until the most recent MT Princess Empress case in March 2023. Hence it aims to provide recommendations to utilize the Civil Liability Convention and Bunker Convention to settle oil pollution damage compensation in consideration of Indonesian Private International Law.

Bahasa Abstract

Sejak tahun 1960-an, tumpahan minyak di laut selalu menjadi ancaman besar terhadap lingkungan sejak meningkatnya perdagangan minyak dan bahan berbahaya yang diangkut dengan kapal. Akibatnya, muncul suatu kebutuhan untuk memastikan adanya mekanisme pengajuan ganti rugi yang cukup bagi pihak-pihak terdampak polusi akibat tumpahan minyak dari kapal di laut. International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage Tahun 1969 (Civil Liability Convention/CLC) dan International Convention on Civil Liability for Bunker Oil Pollution Damage Tahun 2001 (Bunker Convention) memberikan mekanisme kompensasi bagi pihak yang menderita kerugian akibat pencemaran minyak. Walaupun diciptakan sebagai usaha mengunifikasi dasar hukum dan prosedur kompensasi kerugian akibat pencemaran minyak secara internasional, kedua konvensi tersebut seringkali dikalahkan oleh pilihan negara untuk meminta pertanggungjawaban perdata berdasarkan pilihan hukum atau bahkan pertanggungjawaban pidana. Meskipun kedua konvensi menyatakan bahwa ia berlaku secara eksklusif di wilayah teritorial serta zona ekonomi eksklusif Negara pesertanya, variasi putusan di pengadilan negara-negara tersebut tetap muncul sehubungan dengan lembaga mana yang memberikan keuntungan lebih besar dalam permintaan tanggung jawab atas kerugian akibat pencemaran minyak. Tulisan ini akan mengevaluasi efektivitas implementasi ketentuan kedua konvensi dari perspektif Hukum Perdata Internasional Indonesia melalui studi kasus yang dimulai dari insiden Torrey Canyon pada tahun 1967 hingga kasus terbaru Kasus MT Princess Empress yang terjadi Maret 2023. Karena itu, tulisan ini bertujuan memberikan rekomendasi untuk memanfaatkan Civil Liability Convention dan Bunker Convention untuk menyelesaikan kasus ganti rugi atas tumpahan minyak dengan mempertimbangkan Hukum Perdata Internasional Indonesia.

References

“Frontline/World. Spain - the Lawless Sea. The Story.” PBS. Accessed December 11, 2023, https://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/spain/thestory.html.

“Oriental Mindoro Oil Spill Threatens Philippine, Global Diversity”. Rappler. Updated November 1, 2023, https://www.rappler.com/nation/luzon/oriental-mindoro-oil-spill-threatens-philippine-global-diversity/.

“Reino de Espana v American Bureau of Shipping Inc: CML Cmi Database.” Reino de Espana v American Bureau of Shipping Inc, National University of Singapore. Updated February 1, 2008. https://cmlcmidatabase.org/reino-de-espana-v-american-bureau-shipping-inc.

“Spain v. Apostolos Mangouras & Others (‘Prestige’ Case).”. Climate Case Chart. Climate Change Litigation. Updated September 16, 2022, https://climatecasechart.com/non-us-case/spain-v-apostolos-mangouras-others-prestige-case/.

Araullo, Kenneth. “Insurance Lawyer Announces Claims Caravan for Oil Spill Victims in Philippines,” Insurance Business Asia. March 23, 2023. https://www.insurancebusinessmag.com/asia/news/marine/insurance-lawyer-announces-claims-caravan-for-oil-spill-victims-in-philippines-440536.aspx.

Araullo, Kenneth. “Revealed – Insurer Covering the Sunk Philippine Oil Tanker,” Insurance Business Asia. March 28, 2023. https://www.insurancebusinessmag.com/asia/news/marine/revealed–insurer-covering-the-sunk-philippine-oil-tanker-440985.aspx.

Araullo, Kenneth. “Sunken Philippine Oil Tanker Payout Capped at US$284M,” Insurance Business Asia. April 26, 2023. https://www.insurancebusinessmag.com/asia/news/marine/sunken-philippine-oil-tanker-payout-capped-at-us284m-444008.aspx.

Bartlett II., James W. "In re Oil Spill by the Amoco Cadiz - Choice of Law and a Pierced Corporate Veil Defeat the 1992 Civil Liability Convention." Maritime Lawyer 10. No. 1 (Spring 1985).

BPS Statistics Indonesia. “Sea Transportation Statistics 2022.” Sea Transportation Statistics 8 (2023).

Cabico, Gaea Katreena. “Oriental Mindoro Oil Spill Could Affect 21 Marine Protected Areas - DENR.” Philstar.com. Updated March 2, 2023. https://www.philstar.com/headlines/climate-and-environment/2023/03/02/224742/oriental-mindoro-oil-spill-could-affect-21-marine-protected-areas-denr.

Chambers, Sam. “Exclusive Satellite Images Of Wrecked Pablo Tanker Cast Dark Light Over Shadow Fleet.” June 21, 2023. https://splash247.com/exclusive-satellite-images-of-wrecked-pablo-tanker-cast-dark-light-over-shadow-fleet/.

Comite Maritime International. Torrey Canyon. Belgium: Comite Maritime International, 2018.

Court of Justice of the European Union. London Steam-Ship Owners’ Mutual Insurance Association Limited v Kingdom of Spain No. C-700/20. Dated 20 June 2022. Accessed on 10 December 2023. https://curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document.jsf?text=&docid=261144&pageIndex=0&doclang=en&mode=lst&dir=&occ=first&part=1&cid=576461.

Directorate General of Oil and Gas Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources. Statistics: Oil and Gas Semester I 2022. Jakarta: Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, 2022.

Dixon, Erika. “When Sovereign Nations are Forced to Arbitrate: Spain and France and the Prestige Oil Spill,” 6 Y.B. Arb. & Mediation 316 (2014).

Dong, Yanzhu. Et al. “Chronic Oiling in Global Oceans”. Science 376. (2022).

Gautama, Sudargo. Hukum Perdata Internasional Indonesia. Bandung: Penerbit Alumni, 2002.

Hansen, Robin F. "Multinational Enterprise Pursuit of Minimized Liability: Law, International Business Theory and the Prestige Oil Spill," Berkeley Journal of International Law 26. No. 2 (2008).

Indonesia Ocean Justice Initiative. IOJI Maritime Security Threats Analysis Paper. January to March 2023. https://oceanjusticeinitiative.org/2023/04/30/deteksi-dan-analisis-gangguan-keamanan-laut-di-wilayah-perairan-dan-yurisdiksi-indonesia-periode-januari-hingga-maret-2023/.

Indonesia. House of Representatives. Environmental Protection and Management Act of 2009, adopted October 03, 2009, as amended by Job Creation Act of 2023, https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/38771/uu-no-32-tahun-2009.

Indonesia. House of Representatives. Private International Law Draft Bill (2023).

Indonesia. Reglement op de Rechtsvordering (1847).

International Convention on Civil Liability for Bunker Oil Pollution Damage 2001. U.N.T.S. March 23, 2001.

International Maritime Organization, “Status of Conventions”. Accessed December 10, 2023. https://www.imo.org/en/About/Conventions/Pages/StatusOfConventions.aspx.

Mallari Jr., Delfin T. “Greenpeace Hits Insurance Firm of Sunken Mt Princess Empress.” INQUIRER.net. March 29, 2023, https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1749326/greenpeace-hits-insurance-firm-of-sunken-mt-princess-empress.

MT Princess Empress Incident Information Centre. Accessed December 10, 2023. https://www.princessempressinformationcentre.com/.

Nurdin, Kang Ajang. “Kebakaran Kapal Tanker di Malaysia Timbulkan Limbah Minyak Hitam di Pesisir Batam.” May 3, 2023. https://www.terasbatam.id/kebakaran-kapal-tanker-di-malaysia-timbulkan-limbah-minyak-hitam-di-pesisir-batam/.

Protocol of 1992 to amend the International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage, 1969, November 27, 1992, U.N.T.S. 1956.

Purnaweni, Hartuti. Et al. “Oil Spill Governance: Evidence from Bintan Island, Indonesia.” Sustainability 14. (2022).

Rosenthal, Linda and Carol Raper. "Amoco Cadiz and Limitation of Liability for Oil Spill Pollution: Domestic and International Solutions." Virginia Journal of Natural Resources Law 5. No. 1 (Fall 1985).

Schoenbaum, Thomas J. "The Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill in the Context of the Public International Law Regimes for the Protection of the Marine Environment: A Comparative Study." University of San Francisco Maritime Law Journal 25. No. 1 (2012-2013).

SINDOnews. “Pantai di Batam Tercermar Tumpahan Minyak dari Kapal Tanker”. May 4, 2023. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e417OLGMCrk.

Wibisana, Andri Gunawan. “Undang-Undang Cipta Kerja dan Strict Liability”, Journal Bina Hukum Lingkungan 5. No.3. (2021).

Yong, Nicholas. “Philippines Oil Spill: Residents Report Nausea and Dizziness in Affected Villages,” BBC News. March 7, 2023. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-64871285.

Download

Share

COinS
 
 

To view the content in your browser, please download Adobe Reader or, alternately,
you may Download the file to your hard drive.

NOTE: The latest versions of Adobe Reader do not support viewing PDF files within Firefox on Mac OS and if you are using a modern (Intel) Mac, there is no official plugin for viewing PDF files within the browser window.