•  
  •  
 

Abstract

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection caused by the entry of pathogens into the urinary tract. Symptoms of a UTI are not always obvious, and some are asymptomatic or atypical. Urinary tract infections must be distinguished from other diseases that have a similar clinical appearance. Many UTIs resolve spontaneously, but often cause significant morbidity and mortality. With the unpredictable nature of the disease, laboratory tests are required for accurate diagnosis and identification of the cause of infection. Thus, it is necessary to understand the interpretation and limitations of urinalysis and urine culture results. To assist in the diagnosis of urinary tract infections, flowcytometry is currently being developed. With the ability to detect bacteria, this tool can be used for UTI screening in the pre-analytic phase of urine culture

References

1. Kovacks JS. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) [Internet]. WebMD Medical Reference; 2019 [cited 2021 September 13]. Available from: https://www.webmd.com/women/guide/your-guideurinary-tract-infections. 2. Sugianli AK, Parwati I, Rachmayati S. Combination of quantitative bacterial and WBC count from urine flowcytometry to estimated the success of urine culture in symptomatic urinary tract infections. Malays J Microbiol. 2017;13(1):6–12. 3. Procop GW, Church DL, Hall GS, Janda WM, Koneman EW, Schreckenberger PC, et al. Koneman’s color atlas and textbook of diagnostic microbiology, 7th ed. Philadelpia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2017. p.66-110. 4. Brusch JL, Bavaro MF, Tessier JM, Cunha BA. Urinary tract infections (UTI) and cystitis (bladder infection) in females [Internet]. Medscape; 2020 [cited 2021 September 13]. Available from: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/233101 . 5. Lee HS, Le J. Urinary tract infections [Internet]. PSAP; 2018 [cited 2021 September 13]. Available from: https://poliklinika-harni.hr/ images/uploads/2820/infekcije-mokracnog-sustava.pdf. 6. Bonkat G, Bartoletti R, Bruyère F, Cai T, Geerlings SE, Köves B, et al. Arnhem, Netherlands: EAU guidelines on urological infections. European Association of Urology; 2021. 7. Seputra K, Tarmono, Noegroho BS, Mochtar CA, Wahyudi I, Renaldo J, dkk. Guideline penatalaksanaan infeksi saluran kemih dan genitalia pria. Surabaya: Ikatan Ahli Urologi Indonesia; 2015. 8. Lees C. Urinary tract infection (UTI) [Internet]. McMaster Pathophysiology Review; 2018 [cited 2021 September 13]. Available from: http://www.pathophys.org/uti . 9. Sobel JD, Kaye D. Urinary tract infections. In: Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, editors. Principles and pranctice of infectious disease, 8th ed. Philadelpia: Elsevier Saunders; 2015. p.886-913. 10. Akmal HSK, Naven KT, Radha KN, Neetha K. Laboratory diagnosis of urinary tract infections using diagnostics test in adult patients. Int J Res Med Sci. 2014;2(2):415-21. 11. Oyaert M, Meensel BV, Cartuyvels R, Frans J, Vandecandelaere P, Beenhouwer HD. Laboratory diagnosis of urinary tract infections: Towards a BILULU consensus guideline. J Mic Meth. 2018;146:92-9. 12. Milani DA, Jialal I. Urinalysis [Internet]. Treasure Island: StatPearls Publishing; 2021 [cited 2021 September 13]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557685. 13. Bates BN. Interpretation of urinalysis and urine culture for uti treatment. US Pharm. 2013;38(11):65-8. 14. Brunzel NA. Fundamental of urine & body fluid analysis. Minnesota: Saunders; 2018. p.68-210. 15. Schmiemann G, Kniehl E, Gebhardt K, Matejczyk MM, KummersPradier E. The diagnosis of urinary tract infection. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2010;107(21):361–7. 16. Kouri T, Grant H, Hallander H, Gruder WG. European Urinalysis Guidelines. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2000;60:1-96. 17. Lin WC, Lin CW, Chiang CK. Enhancing the detection of dysmorphic red blood cells and renal tubular epithelial cells with a modified urinalysis protocol. Sci Rep. 2017;7:40521. 18. Yang CC, Chang SJ, Yang SSD, Lin CD. Rapid diagnosis of uncomplicated urinary tract infection with laser flow cytometry. Urol Sci. 2016;27(3):135-9. 19. İnce FD, Ellidağ HY, Koseoğlu M, Şimşek N, Yalçın H, Zengin MO. The comparison of automated urine analyzers with manual microscopic examination for urinalysis automated urine analyzers and manual urinalysis. Pract Lab Med. 2016;5:14–20. 20. Hooton TM. Nosocomial urinary tract infection. In: Bennet JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, editors. Mandell, Dauglas, and Bennett’s principles and practice of infectious disease, 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2015. p.3334-46.

Share

COinS
 
 

To view the content in your browser, please download Adobe Reader or, alternately,
you may Download the file to your hard drive.

NOTE: The latest versions of Adobe Reader do not support viewing PDF files within Firefox on Mac OS and if you are using a modern (Intel) Mac, there is no official plugin for viewing PDF files within the browser window.