•  
  •  
 

Abstract

Introduction. Indonesia has the second largest HIV burden in Asia. The prevalence of depression in HIV/AIDS is 2-10 times higher than the general population, influenced by biological, environmental, psychological, and demographic factors. Data on the proportion of depression symptoms in HIV/AIDS patients and their relationship to biological factors are still limited, which needed for better treatment of HIV/AIDS. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of depression and its relationship to the biologic factors of ARV therapy (ART) in HIV/AIDS patients.Methods. Cross-sectional study was conducted among 142 HIV/AIDS patients undergoing ARV treatment at RSUP. Dr. Kariadi in January – March 2021. Demographic data, ART, ART type, side effects, ARV use duration, viral load, and CD4 cell count were obtained from medical records. The incidence of depression was assessed by the Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II).Results. The proportion of depression symptoms was 48.6%, consisting of mild depression (26.1%), moderate depression (17.6%), and severe depression (4.9%). Multivariate analysis resulted a significant relationship between the incidence of depression and biological factors, consisting of ART side effects, ART use duration, and CD4 cell count. Meanwhile, there was no significant relationship between the incidence of depression with the ART type and viral load. Conclusion. The proportion of depression symptoms in HIV patients undergoing ART is 48.6%. It is concluded that biological factors can affect the proportion of depression in patients with ART.

References

1. Shukla M, Agarwal M, Singh J, Tripathi A, Srivastava A, Singh V. Predictors of depression among people living with HIV/AIDS on antiretroviral therapy attending tertiary care hospitals in the Capital of Uttar Pradesh: A cross-sectional study. Indian J Soc Psychiatry. 2017;33(2):159.2. Ophinni Y, Adrian, Siste K, Wiwie M, Anindyajati G, Hanafi E, et al. Suicidal ideation, psychopathology and associated factors among HIV-infected adults in Indonesia. BMC Psychiatry. 2020;20(1):1–10.3. Direktorat Jendral Pengendalian dan Pencegahan Penyakit. Laporan perkembangan HIV/AIDS dan infeksi menular seksual (PMS) triwulan i tahun 2021. Jakarta: Kementrian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia; 2021.4. Goodness TM, Palfai TP, Cheng DM, Coleman SM, Bridden C, Blokhina E, et al. Depressive symptoms and antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation among HIV-infected russian drinkers. AIDS Behav. 2014;18(6):1085–93.5. Muflihatunnaimah M, Fitrikasari A, Sofro MAU. Perbedaan tingkat stres, cemas, dan depresi antara terapi efavirenz dengan nevirapine (studi penderita HIV/AIDS di poli VCT- CST RSUP Dr. Kariadi Semarang). J Penyakit Dalam Indones. 2018;5(2):76.6. Dheda M. Efavirenz and neuropsychiatric effects. South Afr J HIV Med. 2017;18(1):9693.7. Gebrezgiabher BB, Abraha TH, Hailu E, Siyum H, Mebrahtu G, Gidey B, et al. Depression among adult HIV/AIDS patients attending ART clinics at Aksum Town, Aksum, Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. Depress Res Treat. 2019;2019:3250431.8. Tao J, Qian H-Z, Kipp AM, Ruan Y, Sheperd BE, Amico KR, et al. Effects of depression and anxiety on antiretroviral therapy adherence among newly diagnosed HIV-infected Chinese men who have sex with men. AIDS. 2017;31(3):401–6.9. Kementrian Kesehatan RI. General situation of HIV/AIDS and HIV test. Jakarta: Pusat Data dan Informasi Kementrian Kesehatan RI; 2018. hal.1–12.10. Seid S, Abdu O, Mitiku M, Tamirat KS. Prevalence of depression and associated factors among HIV/AIDS patients attending antiretroviral therapy clinic at Dessie referral hospital, South Wollo, Ethiopia. Int J Ment Health Syst. 2020;14(1):1–8. 11. Direktorat Jenderal Pencegahan dan Pengendalian Penyakit. Laporan kinerja Direktorat Jendral Pencegahan dan Pengendalian Penyakit. Jakarta: Kementerian Kesehatan; 2020.12. Kurniawan R, Waluyo A, Yona S. Kesejahteraan spiritual orang dengan HIV/AIDS selama pandemi Covid-19: literatur review. J Keperawatan. 2021;13(1):343–54.13. Wicaksono YA, Fitrikasari A, Sofro MAU, Peni H. Hubungan stigma dan terapi ARV dengan komplikasi gangguan psikiatri pada pasien HIV/AIDS. J Penyakit Dalam Indones. 2018;5(1):24.14. Checa A, Castillo A, Camacho M, Tapia W, Hernandez I, Teran E. Depression is associated with efavirenz-containing treatments in newly antiretroviral therapy initiated HIV patients in Ecuador. AIDS Res Ther. 2020;17(1):1–5. 15. Mathieu E, Barratt A, Carter SM, Jamtvedt G. Internet trials: Participant experiences and perspectives. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2012;12(1):116. Andriote J-M. HIV and clinical depression. Arlington, Virginia: American Psychiatric Associatio; 2012. 17. Girma D, Assegid S, Gezahegn Y. Depression and associated factors among HIV-positive youths attending antiretroviral therapy clinics in Jimma town, southwest Ethiopia. PLoS One. 2021;16:1–1318. Betancur MN, Lins L, Oliveira IR de, Brites C. Quality of life, anxiety and depression in patients with HIV/AIDS who present poor adherence to antiretroviral therapy: a cross- sectional study in Salvador, Brazil. Brazilian J Infect Dis. 2017;21(5):507–14.19. Alan R. Lifso, Greg Grandit, Edward M. Gardner, Marcelo Wolff, Piotr Pulik I, Williams and WJB. Quality of life assessment among HIV-positive persons entering the INSIGHT strategic timing of antiretroviral treatment trial. HIV Med. 2015;16(1):88–96.20. Ghiasvand H, Waye KM, Noroozi M, Harouni GG, Armoon B, Bayani A. Clinical determinants associated with quality of life for people who live with HIV/AIDS: a meta- analysis. BMC Health Serv Res. 2019;19(1):1–11.21. Desta A, Biru TT, Kefale AT. Health related quality of life of people receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy in Southwest Ethiopia. PLoS One. 2020;15:1–14.22. Kusuma H, Nurachmah E, Gayatri D. Hubungan antara depresi dan dukungan keluarga dengan kualitas hidup pasien HIV/AIDS yang menjalani perawatan di RSUP Cipto Mangunkusumo Jakarta [Tesia]. Depok: Universitas Indonesia; 2011. 23. Pence BW, Mills JC, Bengtson AM, Gaynes BN, Breger TL, Cook RL, et al. Association of increased chronicity of depression with HIV appointment attendance, treatment failure, and mortality among HIV-infected adults in the United States. JAMA Psychiatry. 2018;75(4):379-85.24. Sin NL, DiMatteo MR. Depression treatment enhances adherence to antiretroviral therapy: a meta-analysis. Bone. 2014;23(1):1–7.

Download

Share

COinS
 
 

To view the content in your browser, please download Adobe Reader or, alternately,
you may Download the file to your hard drive.

NOTE: The latest versions of Adobe Reader do not support viewing PDF files within Firefox on Mac OS and if you are using a modern (Intel) Mac, there is no official plugin for viewing PDF files within the browser window.