Abstract
Measles is a highly contagious viral infection that remains a significant global health problem despite the availability of an effective vaccine. Measles re-emergence is driven by gaps in immunization coverage, waning post-vaccination immunity, and increased population mobility. In adults, measles infection is associated with greater disease severity compared to children. This literature review was conducted by reviewing recent scientific publications addressing the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, management, complications, and prevention of measles, with a focus on the adult population. Measles is caused by an RNA virus of the Paramyxoviridae family and is transmitted through respiratory droplets and aerosols. Typical clinical features include fever, cough, coryza, conjunctivitis, and a maculopapular rash with a centrifugal and cephalocaudal distribution. Diagnosis is based on clinical findings and confirmed by laboratory tests such as RT-PCR and measles-specific IgM serology. Measles infection causes significant immunosuppression, including immune amnesia, which increases susceptibility to secondary infections. Management is primarily supportive and vitamin A supplementation has been shown to reduce mortality in certain populations. In adults, complications tend to be more severe, particularly pneumonia as the leading cause of morbidity and mortality, as well as neurological complications such as encephalitis and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE). Measles vaccination with the MMR vaccine remains the main prevention strategy. However, its implementation faces challenges, including gaps in immunization coverage, vaccine hesitancy, and limited adult immunization record system. Measles in adults remains a significant health concern with a high risk of severe complication. Strengthening immunization program, improving public education, and developing integrated surveillance system are essential to reduce disease incidence and burden.
Bahasa Abstract
Campak merupakan penyakit infeksi virus dengan tingkat penularan tinggi yang tetap menjadi masalah kesehatan global meskipun telah tersedia vaksin yang efektif. Re-emergence campak dipengaruhi oleh kesenjangan cakupan imunisasi, penurunan imunitas pascavaksinasi, serta mobilitas populasi. Pada orang dewasa, infeksi campak dikaitkan dengan derajat keparahan yang lebih berat dibandingkan pada anak. Tinjauan pustaka ini dilakukan dengan meninjau berbagai publikasi ilmiah terkini yang membahas aspek epidemiologi, patogenesis, manifestasi klinis, diagnosis, tata laksana, komplikasi, serta pencegahan campak terutama pada populasi dewasa. Campak disebabkan oleh virus RNA dari famili Paramyxoviridae yang ditularkan melalui droplet dan aerosol. Manifestasi klinis khas meliputi demam, batuk, coryza/selesma, konjungtivitis, dan ruam makulopapular tersebar sentrifugal dan kraniokaudal. Diagnosis ditegakkan berdasarkan temuan klinis dan dikonfirmasi dengan pemeriksaan laboratorium seperti RT-PCR dan serologi IgM. Infeksi campak menyebabkan imunosupresi signifikan, termasuk fenomena immune amnesia, yang meningkatkan kerentanan terhadap infeksi sekunder. Tata laksana bersifat suportif, dengan suplementasi vitamin A yang terbukti menurunkan mortalitas pada kelompok tertentu. Pada populasi dewasa, komplikasi cenderung lebih berat, terutama pneumonia sebagai penyebab utama morbiditas dan mortalitas, serta komplikasi neurologis seperti ensefalitis dan subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE). Vaksinasi MMR merupakan strategi utama pencegahan. Namun, implementasinya menghadapi berbagai tantangan, termasuk kesenjangan cakupan imunisasi, keraguan terhadap vaksin, dan keterbatasan sistem pencatatan imunisasi dewasa. Campak pada dewasa tetap menjadi masalah kesehatan yang signifikan dengan risiko komplikasi serius. Penguatan program imunisasi, edukasi masyarakat, dan sistem surveilans yang terintegrasi diperlukan untuk menekan kejadian dan dampak penyakit campak.
Kata Kunci: campak, dewasa, imunisasi, komplikasi, pneumonia, vaksin MMR
Recommended Citation
Sinto, Robert; Koesnoe, Sukamto; Nelwan, Erni Juwita; Widhani, Alvina; Shakinah, Sharifah; Pasaribu, Adeline; Duindrahajeng, Bernadine Gracia; Suwarto, Suhendro; Nainggolan, Leonard; Chen, Lie Khie; Susilo, Adityo; Maria, Suzy; Hasibuan, Anshari Saifuddin; and Wicaksana, Bramantya
(2026)
"Campak dan Vaksinasi Campak pada Orang Dewasa,"
Jurnal Penyakit Dalam Indonesia: Vol. 13:
Iss.
1, Article 9.
DOI: 10.7454/jpdi.v13i1.1969
Available at:
https://scholarhub.ui.ac.id/jpdi/vol13/iss1/9
