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Abstract

Introduction. Patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases are known to be more vulnerable to severe and critical infections, including COVID-19. Although it is no longer classified as a pandemic, SARS- CoV-2 infection still persists, and several surges of cases have been reported, including in Indonesia. To date, no data are available regarding the prevalence of severe and critical COVID-19 at admission in patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases in Indonesia and the associated factors. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of severe and critical COVID-19 at admission in patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases at Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, and to identify the associated factors.

Methods. This was a cross-sectional study using secondary data from the medical records of patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases confirmed with COVID-19 and hospitalized at Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital between July 2020 and August 2024. Analyses were performed up to multivariate logistic regression to evaluate the association between predictor variables and severe and critical COVID-19 at admission.

Results. Among 171 subjects, the majority were female (n=158). The median age was 31 years, ranging from 18 to 74 years. The prevalence of severe and critical COVID-19 at admission in patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases was 41.5%. Routine corticosteroid use (adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR) 2.58; 95% CI 1.40–5.17; p=0.004), the presence of comorbidities (aPR 2.24; 95% CI 1.19–4.59; p=0.018), moderate–high disease activity (aPR 5.12; 95% CI 1.74–21.96; p=0.009), and combination immune-modifying therapy (aPR 1.79; 95% CI 1.06–3.17; p=0.034) were independently associated with severe and critical COVID-19 at admission in the final multivariate analysis.

Conclusions. The prevalence of severe and critical COVID-19 at admission in patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases was 41,5%. The associated factors were routine corticosteroid use, the presence of comorbidities, moderate–high disease activity, and combination immune-modifying therapy.

Bahasa Abstract

Pendahuluan. Pasien dengan penyakit reumatik autoimun diketahui lebih rentan terhadap infeksi berat hingga kondisi kritis termasuk COVID-19. Walaupun saat ini sudah bukan pandemi, infeksi SARS-CoV-2 masih ada dan beberapa kali terjadi lonjakan kasus termasuk di Indonesia. Belum ada data mengenai prevalensi COVID-19 derajat berat dan kritis saat admisi pada pasien penyakit reumatik autoimun di Indonesia serta faktor-faktor yang berhubungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui prevalensi COVID-19 derajat berat dan kritis saat admisi pada pasien penyakit reumatik autoimun di RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo, serta mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor yang berhubungan.

Metode. Penelitian ini merupakan studi potong lintang dengan data sekunder dari rekam medis pasien penyakit reumatik autoimun yang terkonfirmasi COVID-19 dan dirawat di RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo pada periode Juli 2020 hingga Agustus 2024. Analisis dilakukan hingga multivariat untuk menilai hubungan dengan COVID-19 derajat berat dan kritis.

Hasil. Dari 171 subjek, mayoritas adalah perempuan sebanyak 158 orang. Median usia adalah 31 tahun, dengan rentang usia antara 18 hingga 74 tahun. Prevalensi COVID-19 derajat berat dan kritis saat admisi pada pasien penyakit reumatik autoimun adalah 41,5%. Konsumsi steroid rutin (aPR 2,58; IK 95% 1,40–5,17; p=0,004), penyakit komorbid (aPR 2,24; IK 95% 1,19–4,59; p=0,018), aktivitas penyakit sedang–tinggi (aPR 5,12; IK 95% 1,74–21,96; p=0,009), dan terapi modifikasi imun kombinasi (aPR 1,79; IK 95% 1,06–3,17; p=0,034) berhubungan dengan COVID-19 derajat berat dan kritis saat admisi dari hasil akhir analisis multivariat.

Kesimpulan. Prevalensi COVID-19 derajat berat dan kritis saat admisi pada pasien penyakit reumatik autoimun adalah 41,5% dan faktor-faktor yang berhubungan adalah konsumsi steroid rutin, terdapat penyakit komorbid, aktivitas penyakit sedang-tinggi, dan terapi modifikasi imun kombinasi.

Kata Kunci: admisi, COVID-19, derajat berat dan kritis, penyakit reumatik autoimun, prevalensi

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