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Abstract

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic disease with a high risk of complications, requiring optimal glycemic control. This case report aims to describe the use of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in the evaluation of a patient with T2DM and obesity whose glycemic levels remained uncontrolled despite high-dose insulin therapy. A 58-year-old woman with an 18-year history of T2DM presented to the Endocrinology Clinic of Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital with uncontrolled blood glucose accompanied by classic diabetic symptoms. CGM revealed that the majority of glucose levels were within the time above range (TAR) at 83% without hypoglycemia, while the time in range (TIR) was only 17%. Contributing factors included a high-carbohydrate diet, limited physical activity, and technical difficulties with insulin injection. Interventions consisted of dietary re-education, gradual physical activity, optimization of injection technique, and insulin dose adjustment. CGM provided a comprehensive glycemic profile and helped identify non-pharmacological factors hindering glycemic control. This case highlights the role of CGM as an essential tool for individualized therapy in patients with T2DM requiring high-dose insulin.

Bahasa Abstract

Diabetes melitus (DM) tipe 2 merupakan penyakit kronik dengan risiko komplikasi tinggi sehingga memerlukan kontrol glikemik optimal. Laporan kasus ini bertujuan memaparkan penggunaan continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) dalam evaluasi pasien DM tipe 2 dengan obesitas yang tetap tidak terkontrol meskipun mendapat insulin dosis tinggi. Seorang perempuan berusia 58 tahun dengan riwayat DM tipe 2 selama 18 tahun datang ke Poliklinik Endokrin Rumah Sakit Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo (RSCM) dengan keluhan glukosa darah yang tidak terkontrol disertai gejala klasik diabetes. Pemeriksaan CGM menunjukkan mayoritas kadar glukosa berada pada time above range (TAR) sebesar 83% tanpa hipoglikemia, dengan time in range (TIR) hanya 17%. Pola diet tinggi karbohidrat, aktivitas fisik yang kurang, serta keterbatasan teknik penyuntikan insulin turut berkontribusi terhadap kegagalan pencapaian target. Intervensi dilakukan melalui re-edukasi diet, latihan fisik bertahap, perbaikan teknik injeksi, dan penyesuaian terapi insulin. Pemeriksaan CGM memberikan gambaran glikemik yang komprehensif dan membantu mengidentifikasi faktor non-farmakologis yang menghambat pencapaian kontrol glikemik. Laporan kasus ini menekankan peran CGM sebagai alat penting dalam individualisasi terapi pada pasien DM tipe 2 dengan kebutuhan insulin dosis tinggi.

Kata Kunci: continuous glucose monitoring, DM tipe2

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