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Abstract

Introduction. Elevated serum uric acid levels are associated with the progression of kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), through mechanisms involving endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and chronic inflammation. Research in Indonesia on the relationship between uric acid levels and the decline of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in diabetic patients remains limited. This study aimed to determine the association between serum uric acid (SUA) levels and decline in glomerular filtration rate among patients with diabetes mellitus diagnosed with diabetic kidney disease at Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, over a one-year period.

Methods. This retrospective cohort study analyzed medical records of 192 type 2 diabetes melitus patients attending the Endocrinology and or Kidney Hypertension Clinics at Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital , Jakarta. Inclusion criteria were baseline glomerular filtration rate ≥60 mL/min/1.73 m², available baseline serum uric acid, and follow-up glomerular filtration rate after one year. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed, adjusting for confounders including age, sex, hypertension, body mass index (BMI), triglycerides, HDL, LDL, total cholesterol, HbA1c, fasting blood glucose, and albuminuria.

Results. Hyperuricemia prevalence was 85.94%. Multivariate analysis revealed that elevated SUA levels (≥6 mg/dL in women, ≥7 mg/dL in men) were associated with a 13.5% higher risk of GFR decline compared to normal serum uric acid (RR 1.135; 95% CI 1.015–1.268) after adjustment. Higher Body mass index was protective against glomerular filtration rate decline, while lipid profile, HbA1c, and fasting blood glucose were not significantly associated with diabetic kidney disease progression.

Conclusions. Hiperuricemia is an independent risk factor for diabetic kidney disease progression in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Regular monitoring and management of serum uric acid may be crucial in preventing kidney function decline in this population.

Bahasa Abstract

Pendahuluan. Kadar asam urat serum yang tinggi berkaitan dengan progresivitas penyakit ginjal pada pasien diabetes melitus (DM) tipe 2, melalui mekanisme disfungsi endotel, stres oksidatif, dan inflamasi kronis. Penelitian di Indonesia terkait hubungan asam urat dengan penurunan LFG pada pasien DM dengan diabetes masih terbatas. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui hubungan kadar asam urat serum dengan penurunan LFG pada pasien yang terdiagnosis penyakit ginjal diabetes (PGD) di Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo (RSCM) Jakarta selama satu tahun.

Metode. Penelitian kohort retrospektif ini menggunakan data rekam medis 192 pasien DM yang menjalani kontrol di Poliklinik Endokrin dan/atau Ginjal Hipertensi RSCM, memenuhi kriteria LFG ≥60 mL/menit/1,73 m² pada awal penelitian, memiliki data asam urat serum awal, dan LFG satu tahun kemudian. Analisis bivariat dan multivariat digunakan untuk mengevaluasi hubungan asam urat serum dengan penurunan LFG, disesuaikan dengan variabel perancu yaitu usia, jenis kelamin, hipertensi, indeks massa tubuh (IMT), trigliserida, HDL, LDL, kolesterol total, HbA1c, gula darah puasa, dan albuminuria.

Hasil. Prevalensi hiperurisemia pada populasi ini sebesar 85,94%. Analisis multivariat menunjukkan bahwa kadar asam urat yang tinggi ( ≥6 mg/dL pada perempuan, ≥7 mg/dL pada laki-laki) meningkatkan risiko penurunan LFG sebesar 13,5% dibandingkan pasien dengan kadar normal setelah penyesuaian variabel perancu (RR 1,135; IK 95% 1,015-1,268). Faktor IMT tinggi ditemukan berperan protektif terhadap penurunan LFG, sedangkan profil lipid, HbA1c, dan gula darah puasa tidak menunjukkan hubungan signifikan dengan progresivitas PGD.

Kesimpulan. Hiperurisemia merupakan faktor risiko independen terhadap progresivitas PGD pada pasien DM tipe 2. Pemantauan dan pengelolaan kadar asam urat serum dapat menjadi bagian penting dari strategi pencegahan penurunan fungsi ginjal pada populasi ini.

Kata Kunci: asam urat serum, diabetes melitus, hiperurisemia, laju filtrasi glomerulus, penyakit ginjal diabetes

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