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Abstract

Introduction. The mortality rate of COVID-19 patients in Indonesia is high with manifestations of cardiac complications. Echocardiographic evaluation can help identify cardiac functional and structural disorders associated with patient mortality. Therefore, this study aims to determine the relationship between echocardiographic abnormalities and mortality in severe and critical COVID-19 patients.

Methods. A retrospective cohort study was conducted using medical record data of severe and critical COVID-19 patients at Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital Jakarta during March 2020 to April 2021. Subjects were selected using total sampling. Descriptive analysis was performed, presenting descriptive tables, and bivariate analysis was conducted using the chi-square test.

Results. Of the total 83 patients, 30 (36.1%) were classified as severe and 53 (63.9%) as critical. Most of the subjects were male, with 21 (70%) in the severe group and 33 (62.2%) in the critical group, with a median age of 55.5 (23-95) years for the severe group and 59 (23-83) years for the critical group. A total of 48 patients (57.8%) in this study died. The most common functional abnormality found on echocardiography was mPAP in 51 or 68%, and the most structural disturbance was left ventricular concentric remodelling in 48 or 58%. The chi-square analysis results of echocardiographic variables namely TAPSE with RR = 7.292, Right Ventricular Systolic Pressure (RVSP) 10.208, mean Pulmonary Artery Pressure (mPAP) 1.440, Pulmonary Acceleration Time (PAT) 2.357, and Right Atrial Pressure (RAP) 3.403 had a significant relationship with mortality. Meanwhile, LVEF, E/e’ and CO have no significant relationship. Based on the multivariate analysis, variables independently associated with mortality were RVSP and RAP.

Conclusion. Echocardiographic abnormalities associated with mortality in severe and critical COVID-19 patients were TAPSE, RVSP, mPAP, PAT and RAP estimation.

Bahasa Abstract

Pendahuluan. Angka mortalitas pasien COVID-19 di Indonesia tinggi dan salah satu organ yang terlibat dalam mempengaruhi tingginya mortalitas tersebut adalah jantung. Evaluasi ekokardiografi dapat membantu mengidentifikasi secara dini gangguan fungsional dan struktural jantung yang berhubungan dengan mortalitas dan prognosis pasien. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui hubungan kelainan ekokardiografi dengan kematian pada pasien COVID-19 derajat berat dan kritis.

Metode. Penelitian dengan desain kohort retrospektif dilakukan menggunakan data rekam medis pasien terkonfirmasi COVID-19 derajat berat dan kritis di RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Jakarta selama periode Maret 2020 – April 2021. Subjek dipiilih secara total sampling. Analisis dilakukan secara deskriptif dengan menampilkan tabel deskriptif serta analisis bivariat dengan uji chi-square.

Hasil. Dari total 83 pasien, sebanyak 30 (36,1%) merupakan pasien dengan derajat berat dan 53 (63,9%) derajat kritis. Mayoritas subjek adalah laki-laki, yaitu 21 (70%) pada kelompok derajat berat dan 33 (62,2%) pada kelompok derajat kritis dengan median umur pada kelompok derajat berat dan kritis secara berturut-turut yaitu 55,5 (23-95) tahun dan 59 (23-83) tahun. Sebanyak 48 pasien (57,8%) pada studi ini meninggal. Kelainan fungsional yang paling banyak ditemukan pada ekokardiografi adalah mPAP yaitu sebanyak 51 (68%) pasien dan gangguan struktural terbanyak adalah remodelling konsentrik ventrikel kiri yaitu pada 48 (58%) pasien. Hasil analisis chi-square terhadap variabel ekokardiografi adalah TAPSE dengan RR = 7,292. Sedangkan, RVSP = 10,208, mean Pulmonary Artery Pressure (mPAP) 1,440, Pulmonary Acceleration Time (PAT) 2,357, dan RAP = 3,403 memiliki hubungan bermakna dengan mortalitas. Sedangkan LVEF, E/e’ dan CO tidak memiliki hubungan yang signifikan.

Kesimpulan. Kelainan ekokardiografi yang berhubungan dengan mortalitas pasien COVID-19 derajat berat dan kritis adalah TAPSE, RVSP, mPAP, PAT, dan estimasi RAP.

Kata Kunci: COVID-19, ekokardiografi, kardiovaskular, mortalitas, penyakit kritis

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