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Abstract

Introduction. Pleural effusion is a frequently acquired lung disorder and based on the type of cause it is divided into malignant and non-malignant pleural effusion. Cytological examination of pleural fluid to differentiate between malignant and non-malignant pleural effusion shows varying sensitivity. Research regarding the benefits of CEA and Cyfra 21-1 pleural fluid examination to detect malignant pleural effusion due to primary lung cancer in Indonesia is still very limited. The aims of this study is to determine the sensitivity and specificity of CEA and Cyfra 21-1 pleural fluid in diagnosing malignant pleural effusion due to primary lung camcer.

Methods. A cross-sectional diagnostic study was conducted on patients with exudative pleural effusion at Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National Hospital (RSCM) and Darmais Cancer Hospital between September 2015 and May 2016. Patients underwent examinations for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and cytokeratin 19 fragment (Cyfra 21-1) in their pleural fluid. The ROC curves were generated to determine the optimal cut-off values for CEA and Cyfra 21-1 concentrations in pleural effusion, considering the area under the curve (AUC) obtained. Chi-square tests were performed to assess sensitivity and specificity, as well as to calculate positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy for each cut-off value for both CEA and Cyfra 21-1.

Results. A total of 122 patients with exudative pleural effusion, positive cytology results were obtained in 80 patients. By using the CEA cut-off value of 4.23 ng/ml, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy were 87.50%, 80.95%, 89.74%, 77.27% and 85.25% with an AUC value of 0.878 (0.814 - 0.942). By using the Cyfra 21-1 cut-off value of 26.9 ng/ml, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy were 78.75%, 71.43%, 84.00%, 63.82% and 76.23% with an AUC value of 0.817 (0.739 - 0.896).

Conclusion. Examination of CEA and Cyfra 21-1 level in pleural fluid can be used to support the diagnose of malignant pleural effusion due to primary lung cancer.

Bahasa Abstract

Pendahuluan. Efusi pleura merupakan kelainan paru yang sering didapat dan berdasarkan jenis penyebabnya dibagi menjadi efusi pleura maligna dan non-maligna. Pemeriksaan sitologi cairan pleura untuk membedakan antara efusi pleura maligna dan non-maligna menunjukkan sensitivitas yang bervariasi. Penelitian mengenai manfaat pemeriksaan carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) dan Cytokeratin 19 fragmen antigen 21-1 (Cyfra 21-1) cairan pleura untuk menegakkan suatu efusi pleura maligna akibat keganasan paru primer di Indonesia masih sangat terbatas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui sensitivitas dan spesifisitas CEA dan Cyfra 21-1 cairan pleura dalam mendiagnosis efusi pleura maligna akibat keganasan paru primer.

Metode. Sebuah studi uji diagnostik dengan menggunakan desain potong lintang dilakukan pada pasien efusi pleura eksudatif di RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo (RSCM) dan RS Kanker Darmais selama periode September 2015 - Mei 2016. Pada pasien dilakukan pemeriksaan CEA dan Cyfra 21-1 pada cairan pleuranya. Sebagai baku emas adanya efusi pleura maligna adalah bila didapatkan hasil sitologi cairan pleura positif sel tumor ganas yang berasal dari paru. Kurva ROC dibuat guna mendapatkan nilai titik potong (cut-off) terbaik untuk kadar CEA dan Cyfra 21-1 cairan efusi dengan memperhatikan nilai AUC yang didapat. Uji chi square dilakukan untuk menilai sensitivitas dan spesifisitas serta untuk mengetahui nilai duga positif, nilai duga negatif, dan akurasi dari masing-masing nilai cut-off tersebut baik untuk CEA maupun Cyfra 21-1.

Hasil. Dari total 122 pasien dengan efusi pleura eksudatif, hasil sitologi yang positif didapatkan pada 80 pasien. Dengan menggunaan nilai cut-off CEA 4,23 ng/ml didapatkan nilai sensitivitas, spesifisitasnya, nilai duga positif, nilai duga negatif dan akurasi masing-masing adalah 87,50%, 80,95%, 89,74%, 77,27% dan 85,25% dengan nilai AUC 0,878 (0,814 - 0,942). Dengan menggunakan nilai cut-off Cyfra 21-1 sebesar 26,9 ng/ml didapatkan sensitivitas, spesifisitas, nilai duga positif, nilai duga negatif dan akurasi masing-masing adalah 78,75%, 71,43%, 84,00%, 63,82% dan 76,23% dengn nilai AUC 0,817 (0,739 - 0,896).

Kesimpulan. Pemeriksaan kadar CEA dan Cyfra 21-1 cairan pleura dapat digunakkan untuk membantu menegakkan diagnosis efusi pleura maligna akibat keganasan paru primer.

Kata Kunci: Carcinoembryonic Antigen, Cytokeratin 19 fragment, efusi pleura maligna.

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