•  
  •  
 

Abstract

This study empirically tests the behavior of Sharia and non-Sharia securities investors towards corporate tax avoidance. If Sharia securities investors make investment decisions considering Sharia principles, corporate tax avoidance should be viewed as a bad practice which is contradictory to Sharia principles and it is intolerable for this type of investors. Using companies from the financial industry for the period of 2007-2018, the final sample comprises 378 observations for Sharia securities and 167 observations for non-Sharia securities. This secondary data research is conducted by applying moderated regression analysis to test the hypothesis. This study finds that the market responses regarding corporate tax avoidance practices on average are lower (higher) for Sharia (non-Sharia) securities.

References

Abdul Wahab, N. S., and K. Holland. 2012. Tax Planning, Corporate Governance and Equity Value. The British Accounting Review, 44 (2), 111-124.

Akbari, F., M. Salehi, and M. A. B. Vlashani. 2018. The Effect of Managerial Ability on Tax Avoidance by Classical and Bayesian Econometrics in Multilevel Models: Evidence of Iran. International Journal of Emerging Markets, 13 (6), 1656-1678.

Akbari, F., M. Salehi, and M. A. B. Vlashani. 2019. The Relationship between Tax Avoidance and Firm Value with Income Smoothing: A Comparison between Classical and Bayesian Econometric in Multilevel Models. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 27 (1), 125-148.

Al-Khazali, O., H. H. Lean, and A. Samet. 2014. Do Islamic Stock Indexes Outperform Conventional Stock Indexes? A Stochastic Dominance Approach. Pacific-Bacin Finance Journal, 28 (June), 29-46.

Al-Thaqeb, S.A. 2018. Do International Markets Overreact? Event Study: International Market Reaction to U.S. Local News Events. Research in International Business and Finance, 44 (April), 369-385.

Alam, M. M., C. S. Akbar, S. M. Shahriar, and M. M. Elahi. 2017. The Islamic Shariah Principles for Investment in Stock Market. Qualitative Research in Financial Markets, 9 (2), 132-146.

Anand, P., and C. J. Cowton. 1993. The Ethical Investor: Exploring Dimensions of Investment Behaviour. Journal of Economic Psychology, 14 (2), 377-385.

Anggraeni, K. 2018. Sektor Manufaktur Berkontribusi Besar dalam Penerimaan Pajak. Accessed on 15 February 2021, https://bisnis.tempo.co/read/1090615/sektor-manufaktur-berkontribusi-besar-dalam-penerimaan-pajak.

Armstrong, C. S., M. E. Barth, A. D. Jagolinzer, and E. J. Riedl. 2010. Market Reaction to the Adoption of IFRS in Europe. The Accounting Review, 85 (1), 31-61.

Austin, P.C. 2011. An Introduction to Propensity Score Methods for Reducing the Effects of Confounding in Observational Studies. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 46 (3), 399-424.

Balakrishnan, K., J. L. Blouin, and W. R.Guay. 2019. Tax Aggressiveness and Corporate Transparency. The Accounting Review, 94 (1), 45-69.

Beaver, W. H. 1989. Financial Reporting: An Accounting Revolution 2nd. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.

BEI. 2018. IDX fact book 2018. Accessed on 30 May 2019, https://www.idx.co.id/media/4648/20181218_fb-2018.pdf.

Boone, J. P., I. K.Khurana, and K. K.Raman. 2013. Religiosity and Tax Avoidance. Journal of the American Taxation Association, 35 (1), 53-84.

Borgers, A., J. Derwall, K. Koedijk, and J. ter Horst. 2015. Do Social Factors Influence Investment Behavior and Performance? Evidence from Mutual Fund Holdings. Journal of Banking and Finance, 60 (November), 112-126.

Blaufus, K., J. Hundsdoerfer, M. Jacob, and M. Sünwoldt. 2016. Does Legality Matter? The Case of Tax Avoidance and Evasion. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 127 (July), 182-206.

Blaufus, K., A. Möhlmann, and A. N. Schwäbe. 2019. Stock Price Reactions to News About Corporate Tax Avoidance and Evasion. Journal of Economic Psychology, 72 (June), 278-292.

Brooks, C., C. Godfrey, C. Hillenbrand, and K. Money. 2016. Do Investors Care about Corporate Taxes? Journal of Corporate Finance, 38 (June), 218-248.

Brown, S. J., and J. B. Warner. 1980. Measuring Security Price Performance. Journal of Financial Economics, 8 (3), 205-258.

Brown, S. J., and J. B. Warner. 1985. Using Daily Stock Returns: The Case of Event Studies. Journal of Financial Economics, 14 (1), 3-31.

Brown, K. B. 2012. A Comparative Look at Regulation of Corporate Tax Avoidance. New York: Springer Science + Business Media B.V.

Brushwood, J. D., D. Johnston, and L. Kutcher. 2017. The Market Valuation of the Permanent Book-Tax-Differences Generated by Stock-Based Compensation Awards. Journal of the American Taxation Association, 39 (2), 1-20.

Burks, J. J., D. W. Randolph, and J. A. Seida. 2018. Modeling and Interpreting Regressions with Interactions. Journal of Accounting Literature, 42 (June), 61-79.

Chen, S., X. Chen, Q. Cheng, and T. Shevlin. 2010. Are Family Firms More Tax Aggressive than Non-Family Firms? Journal of Financial Economics, 95 (1), 41-61.

Chen, K. and C. Y. C. Chu. 2005. Internal Control versus External Manipulation: A Model of Corporate Income Tax Evasion. The RAND Journal of Economics, 36 (1), 151-164.

Chen, X., N. Hu, X. Wang, and X. Tang. 2014. Tax Avoidance and Firm Value: Evidence from China. Nankai Business Review International, 5 (1), 25-42.

Cobham, A. and P. Janský. 2018. Global Distribution of Revenue Loss from Tax Avoidance: Re-estimation and Country Results. Journal of International Development, 30 (2), 206-232.

Conrad, J., B. Cornell, and W. R. Landsman. 2002. When is Bad News Really Bad News? The Journal of Finance, 57 (6), 2507-2532.

Cook, K. A., W. J. Moser, and T. C. Omer. 2017. Tax Avoidance and Ex-ante Cost of Capital. Journal of Business Finance and Accounting, 44 (7-8), 1109-1136.

Crocker, K. J., and J. Slemrod. 2005. Corporate Tax Evasion with Agency Costs. Journal of Public Economics, 89 (9-10), 1593-1610.

Darussalam, and D. Septriadi. 2008. Konsep dan Aplikasi Cross Border Transfer Pricing untuk Tujuan Perpajakan. Riyadh: Danny Darussalam Tax Center.

Davidson III, W. N., D. L. Worrell, and C. I. Lee. 1994. Stock Market Reactions to Announced Corporate Illegalities, Journal of Business Ethics, 13 (12), 979-987.

Desai, M. A., and D. Dharmapala. 2009. Corporate Tax Avoidance and Firm Value. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 91 (3), 537–546.

DeZoort, F. T., T. J. Pollard, and E. J. Schnee. 2018. A Study of Perceived Ethicality of Low Corporate Effective Tax Rates. Accounting Horizons, 31 (1), 87-104.

Dharani, M., M. K. Hassan, and A. Paltrinieri. 2019. Faith-based Norms and Portfolio Performance: Evidence from India. Global Finance Journal, 41 (August), 79-89.

Dyreng, S. D., M. Hanlon, and E. L. Maydew. 2008. Long-Run Corporate Tax Avoidance. The Accounting Review, 83 (1), 61-82.

El Khamlichi, A., K. Sakar, M. Arouri, and F. Teulon. 2014. Are Islamic Equity Indices More Efficient than Their Conventional Counterparts? Evidence from Major Global Index Families. The Journal of Applied Business Research, 30 (4), 1137-1150.

Emzaed, A. M., H. Syaikhu, E. Soeradji, Norwili, Munib and E. Fitria. 2018. Tax Avoidance (Penghindaran Pajak) oleh Wajib Pajak dalam Perspektif Islam. El-Mashlahah, 8 (1).

Feller, A., and D. Schanz. 2017. The Three Hurdles of Tax Planning: How Business Context, Aims of Tax Planning, and Tax Manager Power Affect Tax Expense. Contemporary Accounting Research, 34 (1), 494-524.

Goh, B. W., J. Lee, C. Y. Li, and T. Shevlin. 2016. The Effect of Corporate Tax Avoidance on the Cost of Equity. The Accounting Review, 91 (6), 1647-1670.

Gujarati, D. N., and D. C. Porter. 2009. Basic Econometrics: International Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Gul, F. A., M. Khedmati, E. K. Y. Lim, and F. Navissi. 2018. Managerial Ability, Financial Distress, and Audit Fees. Accounting Horizons, 32 (1), 29-51.

Hair, J. F., W. C. Black, B. J. Babin, and R. E. Anderson. 2019. Multivariate Data Analysis 8th. Andover: Cengage Learning EMEA.

Haniffa, R., and M. Hudaib. 2007. Exploring the Ethical Identity of Islamic Banks via Communication in Annual Reports. Journal of Business Ethics, 76 (1), 97-116.

Hanlon, M., and S. Heitzman. 2010. A Review of Tax Research. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 50 (2-3), 127-178.

Hanlon, M., and J. Slemrod. 2009. What Does Tax Aggressiveness Signal? Evidence from Stock Price Reactions to News About Tax Shelter Involvement. Journal of Public Economics, 93 (1), 126–141.

Hayes, A. F. 2018. Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach 2nd. New York: The Guilford Press.

Hogarth, R. M., and H. J. Einhorn. 1992. Order Effects in Belief Updating: The Belief-Adjustment Model. Cognitive Psychology, 24 (1), 1-55.

Ikenberry, D., J. Lakonishok, and T. Vermaelen. 1995. Market Underreaction to Open Market Share Repurchases. Journal of Financial Economics, 39 (2-3), 181-208.

Jamaludin, N., and P. Gerrans. 2015. Retirement Savings Investment Decisions: Evidence from Malaysia. Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy, 20 (4), 644-657.

Keller, G. 2018. Statistics for Management and Economics 11th. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.

Khurana, I. K., and W. J. Moser. 2013. Institutional Shareholders’ Investment Horizons and Tax Avoidance. Journal of the American Taxation Association, 35 (1), 111-134.

Kim, J. B., Y. Li, and L. Zhang. 2011. Corporate Tax Avoidance and Stock Price Crash Risk: Firm-Level Analysis. Journal of Financial Economics, 100 (3), 639–662.

Kirchler, E., B. Maciejovsky, and F. Schneider. 2003. Everyday Representations of Tax Avoidance, Tax Evasion, and Tax Flight: Do Legal Differences Matter? Journal of Economic Psychology, 24 (4), 535–553.

Koester, A., T. Shevlin, and D. Wangerin. 2017. The Role of Managerial Ability in Corporate Tax Avoidance. Management Science, 63 (10), 3285-3310.

Kothari, S. P., S. Shu, and P. D. Wysocki. 2009. Do Managers Withhold Bad News? Journal of Accounting Research, 47 (1), 241-276.

Lim, Y. 2011. Tax Avoidance, Cost of Debt and Shareholder Activism: Evidence from Korea. Journal of Banking and Finance, 35 (2), 456–470.

Lind, D. A., W. G. Marchal, and S. A. Wathen. 2017. Statistical Techniques in Business and Economics 7th. New York: McGraw-Hill Education.

M’ng, J. C. P., M. Rahman, and G. K. Kit. 2019. Announcements Effect of Corporate Bond Issuance on Share Price Returns: Evidence from Three Emerging Markets. International Journal of Emerging Markets, 15 (3), 534-558.

McGuire, S. T., D. Wang, and R. J. Wilson. 2014. Dual Class Ownership and Tax Avoidance. The Accounting Review, 89 (4), 1487-516.

Merks, P. F. E. M., C. Finnerty, M. Pettricione, and R. Russo. 2007. Fundamentals of International Tax Planning. Amsterdam: IBFD.

Nurrachmi, R. 2018. Movements of Islamic Stock Indices in Selected OIC Countries. Jurnal Al-Muzara’ah, 6 (2), 77-90.

OJK, Directorate of Sharia Capital Market. 2015. Statistik Pasar Modal Syariah. Accessed on 27 May 2019, https://www.ojk.go.id/id/kanal/syariah/data-dan-statistik/saham-syariah/Documents/StatistikSahamJanuari_1426741377.pdf.

OJK, Directorate of Sharia Capital Market. 2018. Statistik Pasar Modal Syariah. Accessed on 29 May 2019, https://www.ojk.go.id/id/kanal/syariah/data-dan-statistik/saham-syariah/Documents/Pages/Statistik-Saham-Syariah---Desember-2018/Statistik 20Saham 202018 20Desember.pdf.

Palmrose, Z.-V., V. J. Richardson, and S. Scholz. 2004. Determinants of Market Reactions to Restatement Announcements. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 37 (1), 59-89.

Pasewark, W. R., and M. E. Riley. 2010. It’s a Matter of Principle: The Role of Personal Values in Investment Decisions. Journal of Business Ethics, 93 (2), 237-253.

Pew Research Center. 2015. Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050. Accessed on 15 February 2021, https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/.

Pohan, C. 2013. Manajemen Perpajakan: Strategi Perencanaan Pajak dan Bisnis. Jakarta : Gramedia Pustaka Utama.

Rego, S. O. (2003). Tax-Avoidance Activities of U.S. Multinational Corporations. Contemporary Accounting Research, 20 (4), 805-833.

Rosenbaum, P. R., and D. B. Rubin. 1983. The Central Role of The Propensity Score in Observational Studies for Causal Effects. Biometrika, 70 (1), 41-55.

Scholz, J. T. 2003. Contractual Compliance and the Federal Income Tax System. Journal of Law and Policy, 13, 139-203.

Scott, W. R. 2015. Financial Accounting Theory 7th. New York: Pearson.

Simon, H. A. 1955. A Behavioral Model of Rational Choices. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 69 (1), 99-118.

Slemrod, J. 2004. The Economics of Corporate Tax Selfishness. National Tax Journal, 57 (4), 877-899.

Suandy, E. 2001. Perencanaan Pajak. Jakarta: Salemba Empat.

Tang, T. Y. H. 2019. The Value Implications of Tax Avoidance across Countries. Journal of Accounting, Auditing and Finance. 34 (4), 615-638.

Thaker, H. M. T., A. Mohamad, N. K. M. Kamil, and J. Duasa. 2020. Information Content and Informativeness of the Analyst Report in Malaysia: Evidence from Shariah-Compliant Shares. Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research, 11 (3), 869-888.

Thomson Reuters. (2018). Islamic Finance Development Report. Accessed on 13 April 2019, http://www.smefinanceforum.org/post/islamic-finance-development-report-2018.

Tresch, R. 2002. Public Finance: A Normative Theory. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

Walkshäusl, C., and S. Lobe. 2012. Islamic Investing. Review of Financial Economics, 21 (2), 53-62.

Wan Ahmad, W. M., A. A. Rahman, A. C. Seman, and N. A. Ali. 2008. Religiosity and Banking Selection Criteria among Malays in Lembah Klang. Shariah Journal, 16 (2), 99-130.

Wang, F., S. Xu, J. Sun, and C. P. Cullinan. 2019. Corporate Tax Avoidance: A Literature Review and Research Agenda. Journal of Economic Surveys, 34 (4), 793-811.

Wang, Z., M. H. Chen, C. L. Chin, and Q. Zheng. 2017. Managerial Ability, Political Connections, and Fraudulent Financial Reporting in China. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 36 (2), 141-162.

Winanto, A. (2018). Industri Manufaktur Sumbang Pajak 31,8% pada 2017. Accessed on 15 February 2021, https://ekonomi.bisnis.com/read/20180109/257/724753/industri-manufaktur-sumbang-pajak-318-pada-2017.

Wooldridge, J. M. 2016. Introductory Econometrics: A Modern Approach 6th. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.

Worthington Jr., E. L., N. G. Wade, T. L. Hight, J. S. Ripley, M. E. McCullough, J. W. Berry, M. M. Schmitt, J. T. Berry, K. H. Bursley, and L. O’Connor. 2003. The Religious Commitment Inventory-10: Development, Refinement, and Validation of a Brief Scale for Research and Counseling. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 50 (1), 84-96.

Xynas, L. 2011. Tax Planning, Avoidance and Evasion in Australia 1970-2010: The Regulatory Responses and Taxpayer Compliance. Revenue Law Journal, 20 (1), 1-39.

Share

COinS