•  
  •  
 

Abstract

This research is aimed to examine the moderating effect of the cost of earnings management on the relationship between earnings management and future earnings. Research samples are manufacture companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange 2013-2015. The cost of accruals earnings management is auditor quality, while the costs of real earnings management are the market share and financial health. Based on the fixed effect regression test, auditor quality strengthens the positive effect of accruals earnings management on future performance, while market share and financial health weaken the negative effect of real earnings management on future earnings. It indicates that in the context of efficient contracting, high quality auditor provide better signal for earnings prediction compared to the low quality auditor. In addition, higher market share and higher financial health limit opportunistic real earnings management to reduce future earnings.

References

Abernathy, J.L., B. Beyer, and E.T. Rapley. 2014. Earnings Management Constraints and Classification Shifting. Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, 41 (5-6), 600–626. Al-Attar, A., S. Hussain, and L.Y. Zuo. 2008. Earnings Quality, Bankruptcy Risk and Future Cash Flows. Accounting and Business Research, 38 (1), 5–20. Altman, E. I. 1968. Financial Ratios, Discriminant Analysis and the Prediction of Corporate Bankruptcy. The Journal of Finance, 23 (4), 589–609. Badertscher, B. A. 2011. Overvaluation and the Choice of Alternative Earnings Management Mechanism. The Accounting Review, 86 (5), 1491–1518. Beyer, B., S. M. Nabar, and E.T. Rapley. 2018. Real Earnings Management by Benchmark-Beating Firms: Implication for Future Profitability. Accounting Horizons, 32 (4), 59–84. Bhojraj, S., P. Hribar, M. Picconi, and J. McInnis. 2009. Making Sense of Cents: An Examination of Firms That Marginally Miss or Beat Analyst Forecasts. The Journal of Finance, 64 (5), 2361–2388. Blundell, R., R. Griffiths, and J. Van Reenen. 1999. Market Share, Market Value and Innovation in a Panel of British Manufacturing Firms. Review of Economic Studies, 66 (3), 529–554. Chen, L.H., D.S. Dhaliwal, and M.A. Trombley. 2008. The Effect of Fundamental Risk on the Market Pricing of Accruals Quality. Journal of Accounting, Auditing & Finance, 23 (4), 471–792. Chi, W., L.L. Lisic, and M. Pevzner. 2011. Is Enhanced Audit Quality Associated with Greater Real Earnings Management? Accounting Horizons, 25 (2), 315–335. Ching, C.P., B.H. Teh, O.T. San, and H.Y. Hoe. 2015. The Relationship among Audit Quality, Earnings Management, and Financial Performance of Malaysian Public Listed Companies. International Journal of Economics and Management, 9 (1), 211–229. Cohen, D.A., M.N. Darrough, R. Huang, and T. Zach. 2011. Warranty Reserve: Contingent Liability, Information Signal, or Earnings Management Tool? The Accounting Review, 86 (2), 569–604. Cohen, D.A., A. Dey, and T.Z. Lys. 2008. Real and Accrual Based Earnings Management in the Pre and Post Sarbanes Oxley Periods. The Accounting Review, 8 3(3), 757–787. Cohen, D.A., and P. Zarowin. 2010. Accrual-Based and Real Earnings Management Activities around Seasoned Equity Offerings. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 50 (1), 2–19. Connelly, B.L., S.T. Certo, R.D. Ireland, and C.R. Reutzel. 2011. Signaling Theory: A Review and Assessment. Journal of Management, 32 (1), 39-67. DeAngelo, L.E. 1981. Auditor Size and Audit Quality. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 3 (3), 183–199. Dechow, P., and C. Schrand. 2004. Earnings Quality. USA: Research Foundation of CFA Institute Monograph. Dechow, P.M., R.G. Sloan, and A.P. Sweeney. 1995. Detecting Earnings Management. The Accounting Review, 70 (2), 193–225. Eckel, N. 1981. The Income Smoothing Hypothesis Revisited. ABACUS, 17 (1), 28-40. Filip, A., T. Jeanjean, and L. Paugam. 2015. Using Real Activities to Avoid Goodwill Impairment Losses: Evidence and Effect on Future Performance. Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, 42 (3-4), 515–554. Fisher, T.C.G., I. Gavious, and J. Martel. 2016. Earnings Management and Firm Value in Chapter 11. Working Paper. University of Sydney, Sydney. Francis, B., I. Hasan, and Li. 2016. Evidence for the Existence of Downward Real-Activity Earnings Management. Journal of Accounting, Auditing & Finance, 31 (2), 212-248. Francis, J., R. LaFond, P. Olsson, and K. Schipper. 2005. The Market Pricing of Accruals Quality. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 39 (2), 295–327. Garlappi, L., and H. Yan. 2011. Financial Distress and the Cross-section of Equity Returns. The Journal of Finance, 66 (3), 789–822. Gunny, K.A. 2010. The Relation between Earnings Management Using Real Activities Manipulation and Future Performance: Evidence from Meeting Earnings Benchmarks. Contemporary Accounting Research, 27 (3), 855–888. Gunny, K.A., and T.C. Zhang. 2014. Do Managers Use Meeting Analyst Forecasts to Signal Private Information? Evidence from Patent Citations. Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, 41 (7-8), 950–973. Hao, Q., and L.J. Yao. 2010. An Explanation for Earnings Management: Opportunistic or Signaling? Journal of Theoretical Accounting Research, 5 (2), 82–95. Hartono, J. 2014. Metodologi Penelitian Bisnis: Salah Kaprah dan Pengalaman-Pengalaman 6th ed. Yogyakarta: BPFE. Healy, P., and J. Wahlen. 1999. A Review of Earnings Management Literature and its Implication for Standard Setting. Accounting Horizons, 13 (4), 365–383. Herbohn, K., I. Tutticci, and P.S. Khor. 2010. Changes in Unrecognised Deferred Tax Accruals from Carry-Forward Losses: Earnings Management or Signalling? Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, 37 (7-8), 763–791. Ikatan Akuntan Publik Indonesia. 2015. Standar Audit 200: Tujuan Keseluruhan Auditor Independen dan Pelaksanaan Audit Berdasarkan Standar Audit. Jakarta: Divisi Penerbit IAPI. Irani, R.M., and D. Oesch. 2016. Analyst Coverage and Real Earnings Management: Quasi-Experimental Evidence. Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 51 (02), 589–627. Jennings, J., H. Seo, and L. Tanlu. 2015. The Effect of Organizational Complexity on Earnings Forecasting Behavior. Working Paper. Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri. Jensen, M.C., and W.H. Meckling. 1976. Theory of the Firm: Managerial Behaviour, Agency Cost and Ownership Structure. Journal of Financial Economics, 3 (4), 305–360. Jones, J.J. 1991. Earnings Management during Import Relief Investigations. Journal of Accounting Research, 29 (2), 193–228. Kirmani, A., and A.R. Rao. 2000. No pain, No Gain: A Critical Review of the Literature on Signaling Unobservable Product Quality. Journal of Marketing, 64 (2), 66–79. Kothari, S.P., N. Mizik, and S. Roychowdhury. 2016. Managing for the Moment: The Role of Earnings Management via Real Activities versus Accruals in SEO Valuation. The Accounting Review, 91 (2), 559–586. Leggett, D.M., L.M. Parsons, and A.L. Reitenga. 2015. Real Earnings Management and Subsequent Operating Performance. IUP Journal of Operations Management, 15 (4), 7–32. Lennox, C.S. 1999. Audit Quality and Auditor Size: An Evaluation of Reputation and Deep Pockets Hypotheses. Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, 26 (7), 779–805. Leuz, C., D. Nanda, and P.D. Wysocki. 2003. Earnings Management and Investor Protection: An International Comparison. Journal of Financial Economics, 69 (3), 505–527. Lewellen, J., and R.J. Resutek. 2019. Why do Accruals Predict Earnings? Journal of Accounting and Economics, 67 (2-3), 336-356. Liow, K.H. 2010. Firm Value, Growth, Profitability and Capital Structure of Listed Real Estate Companies: An International Perspective. Journal of Property Research, 27 (2), 119–146. Lipe, R. 1990. The Relation between Stock Returns and Accounting Earnings Given Alternative Information. The Accounting Review, 65 (1), 49–71. Liu, Z.J. 2016. Effect of Earnings Management on Economic Value Added: A Cross-Country Study. South African Journal of Business Management, 471 (1), 29–36. Makar, S., and P. Alam. 2003. The Valuation of Discretionary Accruals and Antitrust Merger Investigation. The Journal of Applied Business Research, 19 (1), 57-74. Markarian, G., and J. Santalo´. 2014. Product Market Competition, Information and Earnings Management. Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, 41 (5-6), 572–599. Mascarenhas, D., S.F. Cahan, and V. Naiker. 2010. The Effect of Audit Specialist on the Informativeness of Discretionary Accruals. Journal of Accounting, Auditing & Finance, 25 (1), 53–84. Matturungan, N.H., B. Purwanto, and A.K. Irwanto. 2017. Manufacturing Company Bankruptcy Prediction in Indonesia with Altman Z-Score Model. Journal of Applied Management, 15 (1), 18–24. McVay, S.E. 2006. Earnings Management using Classification Shifting: An Examination of Core Earnings and Special Items. The Accounting Review, 81 (3), 501–531. Muzir, E. 2011. Triangle Relationship among Firm Size, Capital Structure Choice and Financial Performance. Journal of Management Research, 11 (2), 87–98. Nuryaman. 2013. The Influence of Earnings Management on Stock Return and the Role of Audit Quality as a Moderating Variable. International Journal of Trade, Economics and Finance, 4 (2), 73–78. Ojo, M. 2015. Audits, Audit Quality and Signalling Mechanisms: Concentrated Ownership Structures. American Research Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 1 (2), 9–13. Opler, T.C., and S. Titman. 1994. Financial Distress and Corporate Performance. The Journal of Finance, 49 (3), 1015–1040. Rezaei, F., and M. Roshani. 2012. Efficient or Opportunistic Earnings Management with Regards to the Role of Firm Size and Corporate Governance Practices. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 3 (9), 1312–1322. Ross, S. 1977. The Determination of Financial Structure: The Incentive Signalling Approach. Bell Journal of Economics, 8 (1), 23–40. Roychowdhury, S. 2006. Earnings Management through Real Activities Manipulation. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 42 (3), 335–370. Schipper, K. 1989. Commentary on Earnings Management. Accounting Horizons, 3 (4), 91–102. Scott, W.R. 2019. Financial Accounting Theory 8th ed. Canada: Pearson Education. Shirur, S. 2011. Tunneling vs Agency Effect: A Case Study of Enron and Satyam. Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers, 36 (3), 9–26. Simamora, A.J. 2018. Effect of Earning Management on Earnings Predictability in Information Signaling Perspective. Jurnal Akuntansi, XXII (2), 173–191. Siregar, S. V, and S. Utama. 2009. Type of Eearnings Management and the Effect of Ownership Structure, Firm Size, and Corporate Governance Practices: Evidence from Indonesia. International Journal of Accounting, 43 (1), 1–27. Spence, M. 1973. Job Market Signaling. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 87 (3), 355–374. Subramanyam, K.R. 1996. The Pricing of Discretionary Accruals. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 22 (1-3), 249–281. Suhardianto, N., and I. Harymawan. 2011. A Decade of Earnings Management Researches in Indonesia. Asia Pacific Journal of Accounting and Finance, 2 (1), 90–119. Tabassum, N., A. Kaleem, and M.S. Nazir. 2015. Real Earnings Management and Future Performance. Global Business Review, 16 (1), 21–34. Tangjitprom, N. 2013. The Role of Corporate Governance in Reducing Negative Effect of Earnings Management. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 5 (3), 213–220. Vorst, P. 2016. Real Earnings Management and Long-Term Operating Performance: The Role of Reversals in Discretionary Investment Cuts. The Accounting Review, 91 (4), 1219–1256. Wuryani, E. 2012. Company Size in Response to Earnings Mangement and Company Performance. Journal of Economics, Business, and Accountancy Ventura, 15 (3), 491–506. Zang, A.Y. 2012. Evidence on the Trade-Off between Real Activities Manipulation and Accrual-Based Earnings Management. The Accounting Review, 87 (2), 675–703. Zehri, F., and R. Shabou. 2011. Audit Quality, Corporate Governance and Earnings Management in the Context of Tunisian Firms. Journal of Administration & Economics Science, 1 (1).

Share

COinS