Abstract
This study examines the legal, institutional, and socio-cultural mechanisms influencing the social reintegration of ex-offenders in Indonesia and Spain. Despite a global trend toward rehabilitative approaches, practical implementation reveals significant divergence due to structural, cultural, and economic factors. Indonesia’s penal system, guided by Law No. 22 of 2022 and the new Criminal Code (KUHP), emphasizes statutory rehabilitation and vocational and spiritual programs. However, challenges such as prison overcrowding, limited post-release support, and societal stigma constrain effectiveness. Judicial decisions indicate cautious application of restorative provisions, reflecting both public expectations and institutional limitations. In Spain, rehabilitation is constitutionally entrenched under Article 25(2) of the Constitution and operationalized through the General Penitentiary Organic Law (Ley Orgánica General Penitenciaria; LOGP), which mandates individualized treatment, progressive custody, and open-regime programs. Court rulings reinforce the rights of inmates and ex-offenders to social reintegration, while structured vocational, psychological, and community programs enhance post-release outcomes. Socio-legal analysis shows that Indonesia’s reintegration is vulnerable to societal exclusion, whereas Spain demonstrates effective alignment between law, institutional capacity, and cultural legitimacy. The study integrates theoretical frameworks such as labelling theory, desistance theory, and reintegrative shaming to explain the interplay between law, institutions, and social contexts. Findings indicate that successful social reintegration requires coordinated legal, institutional, and societal mechanisms, with attention to economic inclusion and cultural acceptance.
Bahasa Abstract
Penelitian ini menganalisis mekanisme hukum, kelembagaan, dan sosial-budaya yang memengaruhi reintegrasi sosial mantan narapidana di Indonesia dan Spanyol. Meskipun terdapat tren global menuju pendekatan rehabilitatif, implementasi praktis menunjukkan perbedaan signifikan akibat faktor struktural, budaya, dan ekonomi. Sistem pemasyarakatan Indonesia, berdasarkan UU No. 22 Tahun 2022 dan KUHP baru, menekankan rehabilitasi melalui program vokasi dan pembinaan spiritual. Namun, kendala seperti kepadatan penjara, terbatasnya dukungan pasca-pembebasan, dan stigma sosial membatasi efektivitasnya. Putusan pengadilan menunjukkan penerapan prinsip restorative justice secara hati-hati, dipengaruhi oleh ekspektasi publik dan keterbatasan kelembagaan. Di Spanyol, rehabilitasi diatur secara konstitusional melalui Pasal 25(2) Konstitusi dan dioperasionalkan oleh Ley Orgánica General Penitenciaria (LOGP), yang menekankan perlakuan individual, klasifikasi bertahap, dan program open-regime. Putusan pengadilan menegaskan hak narapidana dan mantan narapidana untuk reintegrasi sosial, sementara program vokasi, psikologis, dan komunitas mendukung keberhasilan pasca-pembebasan. Analisis sosio-legal menunjukkan bahwa reintegrasi di Indonesia rentan terhadap eksklusi sosial, sedangkan Spanyol menunjukkan keselarasan antara hukum, kapasitas kelembagaan, dan legitimasi budaya. Studi ini mengintegrasikan teori labeling, desistance, dan reintegrative shaming untuk menjelaskan interaksi antara hukum, lembaga, dan konteks sosial. Temuan menunjukkan bahwa reintegrasi sosial yang sukses membutuhkan koordinasi mekanisme hukum, kelembagaan, dan masyarakat, dengan perhatian pada inklusi ekonomi dan penerimaan budaya.
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Recommended Citation
Arifin, Ridwan and Cassandro, Izan Mateo
(2026)
"Rehabilitation or Retribution? A Socio-Legal Comparison of Criminal Sanctions and Social Reintegration in Indonesia and Spain,"
The Indonesian Journal of Socio-Legal Studies: Vol. 5:
No.
2, Article 5.
DOI: 10.54828/ijsls.2026v5n2.5
Available at:
https://scholarhub.ui.ac.id/ijsls/vol5/iss2/5
