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Abstract

This paper examines whether the Indonesian government's non-judicial settlement for addressing past gross human rights violations (PGHRV) offers redress for the victims of sexual violence of past human rights violations. Indonesia has grappled to address past human rights violations through formal justice mechanisms. There are about 12 unresolved cases, more than half of which concerning sexual violence during conflict. This paper combined a socio-legal approach with mixed methods to gather data on the issue PGHRV: desk research and interviews with key persons involved in the non-judicial mechanism. Due to the heavy political pressure, the formal judicial mechanism reached a dead end. As alternatives the Indonesian government in 2022 established a team for the non-judicial resolution of past gross human rights violations (Tim PPHAM) and in 2023 the monitoring team for the implementation of the recommendation to resolve past gross human rights violations. However, the outcomes of the non-judicial settlement for victims of sexual violence are questionable. We conclude that the mechanism was not properly designed to offer redress for victims but was heavily influenced by political interests, causing distrust among the victims participating in it.  It was the victims who decided to remain silent, yet it was the structure of the non-judicial mechanism that silenced them. The space victims most trust is the National Commission on Violence Against Women, but unfortunately the Commission does not have the authority and capacity to document gross human rights violations, nor to redress the victims of sexual violence.

Bahasa Abstract

Tulisan ini menganalisis apakah kebijakan pemerintah dalam penyelesaian pelanggaran HAM Berat masa lalu melalui mekanisme non yudisial telah mereparasi korban perempuan kekerasan seksual. Indonesia telah mengalami tantangan dalam penyelesian pelanggaran HAM Berat masa lalu melalui mekanisme peradilan formal/HAM. Ada sekitar 12 kasus yang belum selesai, dimana sebagian dari kasus tersebut termasuk kekerasan seksual semasa konflik. Kajian yang digunakan adalah sosio-legal dengan mixed method; kajian literatur dan mewawancarai pihak-pihak terkait dalam mekanisme non-yudisial. Belajar dari pengalaman berbagai negara, penyelesaian non-yudisial dalam pelanggaran HAM berat bukan praktik baru, yang juga problematik dalam kasus kekerasan seksual. Adanya kepentingan politik untuk mendelegitimasi mekanisme formal, pemerintah Indonesia membangun mekanisme non yudisial dengan membentuk Tim Penyelesaian Non-Yudisial Pelanggaran Hak Asasi Manusia yang Berat Masa Lalu (Tim PPHAM) di tahun 2022 dan Tim Pemantau PPHAM di tahun 2023. Hanya saja, pembentukan tim ini menimbulkan kontroversi dan tidak memberi dampak pada penyelesaian kasus kekerasan seksual sebagai bagian dari pelanggaran HAM berat masa lalu. Arah bangunan mekanisme tidak ditujukan untuk memulihkan korban namun sangat lekat dengan kepentingan politik elit, berpengaruh pada ketidakpercayaan korban kekerasan seksual untuk menggunakan mekanisme non-yudisial. Ketidakpercayaan menyebabkan mereka memutuskan untuk tetap ‘diam’. Di satu sisi diam adalah cara perempuan memaknai agensinya namun disisi lain struktur yang ada ‘mendiamkan’ korban. Ruang yang dipercaya korban tidak memiliki kewenangan dan kapasitas untuk membangun dokumentasi spesifik  tentang pengalaman perempuan korban kekerasan seksual masa lalu.

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