"Prize Law Legislation in Indonesia" by Pornomo Rovan Astri Yoga
  •  
  •  
 

Abstract

Indonesia is a peace-loving nation. However, maintaining independence is more precious than maintaining peace. Therefore, Indonesia will always be ready to maintain its independence at any cost, including war. Indonesia claims itself as a maritime nation. All of those facts disregard the point that Indonesia lacks legislation regarding the law of naval warfare. This is particularly true in the case of the prize law. There are no single laws, statutes, or even procedures that govern the prize law in times of armed conflict at sea. The practice of the prize law has also been lacking since Indonesia’s independence in 1945. Even though the prize law is an old body of law, its applicability is still likely in the future’s armed conflict at sea. For this body of law to be applicable, many variables need to be discussed, especially regarding the relations between Indonesia’s domestic law and international law. The need for the accession of international treaties related to the prize law is also an important subject matter. This article found that the non-existence of the prize law means that there is a big gap in the law that needs to be filled.

References

Journal Articles and Periodicals

Agusman, Damos Dumoli. “The Courts and Treaties: Indonesia’s Perspective.” Padjadjaran Journal of International Law 1, no. 1. (2017): 1-18.

Aran, Amnon and Gad Yishayahu. “Updating the study of foreign policy crisis: The case of the Mavi Marmara flotilla.” Foreign Policy Analysis 18, no. 3. (2022): 1-19.

Arifin, Muhammad. “A Decade Review of Civil Law in Indonesia.” Kumpulan Penelitian Dan Pengabdian Dosen 7, no. 4. (2020): 78-83.

Bederman, David J. “The Feigned Demise of Prize.” Emory International Law Review 9, no. 1. (1995): 31-70.

Bedir, Ömer. “The Flotilla Incident from the Perspective of International Law and the Judicial Rights of the Victims.” The Age of Human Rights Journal, no. 15. (2020): 51-72.

Boxer, Charles Ralph. “European Rivalry in the Indian Seas, 1600–1700.” The Mariner’s Mirror 14, no. 1. (1928): 13-25.

Butt, Simon. “The position of international law within the Indonesian legal system.” Emory International Law Review 28, no. 1. (2014): 1-28.

Clapham, Andrew. “Booty, Bounty, Blockade, and Prize: Time to Reevaluate the Law.” International Law Studies 97. (2021): 1200-1268.

Craze, Sarah. “When does war end? Armistice and the Prize Courts of the twentieth century.” International Journal of Maritime History 31, no. 1. (2019): 127-135.

Foxton, David. “International Law in Domestic Courts: Some Lessons from the Prize Court in the Great War.” The British Yearbook of International Law 73, no. 1. (2002): 261-291.

Greenwood, Christopher. “The concept of war in modern international law.” International & Comparative Law Quarterly 36, no. 2. (1987): 283-306.

Guilfoyle, Douglas, Tamsin Phillipa Paige, and Rob McLaughlin. “The final frontier of cyberspace: The seabed beyond national jurisdiction and the protection of submarine cables.” International & Comparative Law Quarterly 71, no. 3. (2022): 657-696.

Hadi, Syamsul. “The Dispute of Ambalat in the Perspective of Indonesian Foreign Policy in the Post-new Order Era.” Indonesian Journal of International Law 12, no. 2. (2014): 1-20.

Hervey, Dudley F. A. “Valentyn’s account of Malacca.” Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 15. (1885): 119–138.

Ittersum, Martine Julia van. “Hugo Grotius in Context: Van Heemskerck’s Capture of the “Santa Catarina” and its Justification in “De Jure Praedae” (1604—1606).” Asian Journal of Social Science 31, no. 3. (2003): 511-548.

Jackson, Andrew Eric. “Cases Dealing with International Law Decided by the English Courts during the Past Year.” British Yearbook of International Law 3. (1922-1923).

Jones, Craig. “The Spoliation Doctrine and Expert Evidence in Civil Trials.” University of British Columbia Law Review, No. 32. (2004): 1-49.

Katzenstein, Suzanne. “In the shadow of crisis: the creation of international courts in the twentieth century.” Harvard International Law Journal 55. (2014): 198-199.

Kingsbury, Damien. “The free Aceh movement: Islam and democratisation.” Journal of Contemporary Asia 37, no. 2. (2007): 166-189.

Knauth, Arnold W. “Prize Law Reconsidered.” Columbia Law Review 46, no. 1. (1964): 69-93.

Kraska, James, et al. “The Newport Manual on the Law of Naval Warfare of 2023.” International Law Studies 101. (2023): 1-251.

Kraska, James. “Prize Law.” Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law, Forthcoming. (2011): 1-37. doi: papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1876724.

Kurniawan, Robert, Ruslak Hammar and Henrikus Renjaan. “The Role of Common Law in the Criminal Justice System regarding Capital Punishments in Indonesia: An Evaluation of the Legal Framework and Implications.” International Journal of Criminal Justice Sciences 17, no. 1 (2022): 287-298.

MacKay, Donald. “Neutral Interests in the Prize Court” Central Law Journal 83 (1916).

Maehara, Mitsuo. “Review of Decisions of Japan’s Wartime Prize Courts: The Santa Fe Case.” Japanese Annual of International Law, no. 8. (1964): 24-29.

Manders, M. R., et al. “Battle of the Java Sea: One event, multiple sites, values and views.” Journal of Maritime Archaeology 16. (2021): 39-56.

McLaughlin, Rob, Tamsin Phillipa Paige, and Douglas Guilfoyle. “Submarine Communication Cables and the Law of Armed Conflict: Some Enduring Uncertainties, and Some Proposals, as to Characterization.” Journal of Conflict and Security Law 27, no. 3. (2022).

Palguna, I Dewa Gede and Agung Wardana. “Pragmatic Monism: The Practice of the Indonesian Constitutional Court in Engaging with International Law.” Asian Journal of International Law 14, no. 2. (2024): 1-21.

Pratomo, Eddy. “Indonesia–Malaysia maritime boundaries delimitation: a retrospective.” Australian Journal of Maritime & Ocean Affairs 8, no. 1. (2016): 73-84.

Pyke, H. Reason. “The Zamora Judgment.” Journal of the Society of Comparative Legislation 16, no. 2. (1916): 102-109.

Rothwell, Donald R. “Coastal State sovereignty and innocent passage: The voyage of the Lusitania Expresso.” Marine Policy 16, no. 6. (1992): 427-437.

Rowson, S. W. D. “Prize Law during the Second World War.” British Yearbook of International Law 24. (1947), 165-166.

Saltzman, Ilai Z. “Honor as foreign policy: the case of Israel, Turkey, and the Mavi Marmara.” International Studies Review 17, no. 2. (2015): 249-273.

Sardinha, Carlos. “Natural Law and the Defense of Freedom of Trade and Navigation in Hugo Grotius’ Mare Liberum (1609) with Regard to the Seizure of the Portuguese Carrack Santa Catarina by the Dutch during the Reign of Philip III of Spain (1603).” Journal on European History of Law 14, no. 1. (2023): 62-69.

Smith, H. A. “The Declaration of Paris in Modern War.” Law Quarterly Review 55. (1939): 42-238.

Steigelman, Timothy. “The Promise and Perils of Prize Law.” World History Connected 19, no. 1. (2022): 1-23.

Sunyowati, Dina. “Hukum Internasional Sebagai Sumber Hukum dalam Hukum Nasional (Dalam Perspektif Hubungan Hukum Internasional dan Hukum Nasional di Indonesia) [International Law as a Source of Law in National Law (In the Perspective of the Relationship between International Law and National Law in Indonesia)],” Jurnal Hukum dan Peradilan 2, no. 1. (2013): 68-84.

The Times Law Reports. “The Roumanian (Cargo Ex.) Decided December 7, 1914.” American Journal of International Law 9, no. 3. (1915): 754-758. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2187115 .

Zhu, Ling and Xiaojing Li. “Maritime Courts in China and their Jurisdiction.” Hong Kong Law Journal 51. (2021): 645-667.

Books and Book Chapters

Buntoro, Kresno. Lintas Navigasi di Nusantara Indonesia [Cross Navigation in the Indonesian Archipelago]. Jakarta: PT. RajaGrafindo Persada-Rajawali Pers, 2023.

Colombos, Constantine John. A Treatise on the Law of Prize (No. 5). London: Sweet & Maxwell, 1926.

Colombos, Constantine John. The International Law of the Sea 1962. London : Longmans, 1962.

Dasfordate, Aksilas, Yohanes Burdam, and Hetreda Terry. “Battle of the Aru Sea in 1962” in International Conference on Social Science 2019, 547-553. Dordrecht: Atlantis Press, 2019.

Garner, James Wilford, Prize Law during the World War. New York: Macmillan, 1927.

Gregory, Charles Noble. Abstracts of Cases Contained in Lloyd’s Reports of Prize Cases: Volumes 1, 2, 3, and 4. Washington, D.C.: US Government Printing Office, 1919.

Haines, Steven and Craig Martin. “Prize courts: their continuing relevance” in The Law of Naval Warfare, edited by Dale Stephens and Matthew Stubbs. Sydney: In Press, 2019.

Lahav, Jeff. “Summary of Recent Cases of the Courts of Israel Relating to Prize Law and Israel’s Naval Blockade of the Gaza Strip” in Israel Yearbook on Human Rights Vol. 50, edited by Yoram Dinstein. 373–447. Tel Aviv: Brill Nijhoff, 2020.

Markham, Clements R., ed. The Voyages of Sir James Lancaster, Kt., to the East Indies: With Abstracts of Journals of Voyages to the East Indies During the Seventeenth Century, preserved in the India Office: and the Voyage of Captain John Knight (1606), to Seek the North-west Passage (Vol. 56). London: Hakluyt Society, 1877.

O’Hara, Vincent. US Navy Against the Axis: Surface Combat, 1941-1945. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2013.

Oppenheim, Lassa. International Law: A Treatise. Norwich: Outlook Verlag, 2018.

Ritonga, Rajab. Kesadaran Baru Maritim-Biografi Laksamana TNI Dr. Marsetio [Kesadaran Baru Maritim-Biografi Laksamana TNI Dr. Marsetio]. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 2016.

Schulz, Marcel. “Prize Law and Contraband in Modern Naval Warfare” in Operational Law in International Straits and Current Maritime Security Challenges, edited by Jörg Schildknecht, et al., 211-243. Berlin: Springer, 2018.

Tucker, Robert W. The Law of War and Neutrality at Sea (Vol. XLX). Clark: The Lawbook Exchange, 2006.

Cases

China High Prize Court, Judgements of the High Prize Court of the Republic of China: With an Appendix Containing Prize Court Rules, Detailed Rules of the High Prize Court, Regulations Governing Capture at Sea, and Regulations Governing the Safe-keeping of Captured Property in the Naval Warehouse (translated)., F T Cheng High Prize Court (1919).

United States Supreme Court, Brown V. United States, 12 U.S. (8 Cranch) 110 (1814)

Indonesian Supreme Court. Decision No. 1794K/Pdt/2004, Direksi Perum. Perhutani, et al. v. Dedi; Hayati, et al.

Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America), Judgment, ICJ Reports 1984.

Oil Platforms (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America), Judgment, ICJ. Reports 2003.

The Sudmark (No. 2) 1918 AC 475, 481 (PC) appeal from Prize Court, Egypt.

UN General Assembly. Resolution 3314 (XXIX), Definition of Aggression, A/RES/3314(XXIX) (14 December 1974).

Legal Documents

Danish Ministry of Defence. Military Manual on International Law Relevant to Danish Armed Forces in International Operation. København: Defence Command Denmark, 2016.

Department Of The Navy. Commander’s Handbook on the Law of Naval Operation 2022. Norfolk: Navy Warfare Development Command, 2022.

Fuller, Melville Weston and Supreme Court of the United States, U.S. Reports: Manila Prize Cases, The, 188 U.S. 254. 1902.

Institute of International Law. The Manual of the Laws of Naval War. Oxford: Institute of International Law, 1913.

Treaties

Convention (IV) respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land and its annex: Regulations concerning the Laws and Customs of War on Land (adopted 18 October 1907, entered into force 26 January 1910).

Convention (VI) relating to the Status of Enemy Merchant Ships at the Outbreak of Hostilities (adopted 18 October 1907, entered into force 26 January 1910).

Convention (VII) relating to the Conversion of Merchant Ships into War-Ships, the Hague, 18 October 1907 (adopted 18 October 1907, entered into force 26 January 1910).

Convention (X) for the Adaptation to Maritime Warfare of the Principles of the Geneva Convention (adopted 18 October 1907, entered into force 26 January 1910).

Convention (XI) relative to certain Restrictions with regard to the Exercise of the Right of Capture in Naval War (adopted 18 October 1907, entered into force 26 January 1910).

Convention (XIII) concerning the Rights and Duties of Neutral Powers in Naval War (adopted 18 October 1907, entered into force 26 January 1910).

Declaration Respecting Maritime Law (adopted 16 April 1856, entered into force 16 April 1856).

London Declaration on the Laws of Naval War, opened for signature 26 February 1909.

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (adopted 10 December 1982, entered into force 16 November 1994).

Legislations

Indonesia. Undang-undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia tahun 1945, UUD 1945 (Indonesian Constitution, UUD 1945).

Indonesia. Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang tentang Perairan Indonesia, Perpu Nomor 4 Tahun 1960. (Government Regulation as a substitute for law No. 4, Year 1960 related to Indonesian Waters).

Indonesia. Undang-undang tentang Pengesahan United Nations Convention on The Law of The Sea, UU Nomor 17 Tahun 1985. (Law related to the validation of the United Nations Convention on The Law of The Sea, Law No. 17 Year 1985).

Indonesia. Undang-Undang tentang Perjanjian Internasional, UU Nomor 4 Tahun 2000. Pasal 9. (Law on International Agreements. Law Number 4 Year 2000. Article 9).

Indonesia. Undang-Undang tentang Kekuasaan Kehakiman, UU No. 4 Tahun 2004 (Law on Judicial Power. Law No. 4 Year 2004).

Indonesia. Peraturan Pemerintah Tentang Hak Dan Kewajiban kapal Dan Pesawat udara asing Dalam Melaksanakan hak Lintas Alur Laut Kepulauan Melalui Alur Laut Kepulauan Yang Ditetapkan, PP No. 37 Tahun 2002. (Government Regulation related to the Rights and Obligations of Foreign Ships and Aircraft in Conducting the Right of Archipelagic Sea Lane Passage via Designated Archipelagic Sea Lanes, Government Regulation No. 37 Year 2002).

Indonesia. Peraturan Pemerintah tentang Tata Cara Pengangkatan dan Pemberhentian Hakim Ad Hoc Pengadilan Perikanan, Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 24 Tahun 2006. (Government Regulation related to Procedures for Appointment and Dismissal of Ad Hoc Judges of Fisheries Courts, Government Regulation No. 24 Year 2006).

Indonesia. Peraturan Presiden tentang Badan Keamanan Laut, Perpres Nomor 178 Tahun 2014. (President Regulation related to Badan Keamanan Laut, President Regulation No. 178, Year 2014).

Indonesia. Peraturan Menteri Perhubungan (Permenhub) tentang Organisasi dan Tata Kerja Mahkamah Pelayaran, Permenhub Nomor 3 Tahun 2021 (Regulation of the Minister of Transportation (Permenhub) concerning the Organization and Work Procedures of the Shipping Court, Minister of Transportation Regulation Number 3 Year 2021).

United States. 28 US Code 1333: Admiralty, maritime, and prize cases, 1948. Supplement 3, Title 28. 2012.

Web Sources

Direktorat Jenderal Potensi Pertahanan. “Peluncuran Kapal Angkut Tank ke-9 (AT) [Launch of the 9th Tank Transport Ship (AT-9)].” Accessed 18 January 2024,https://www.kemhan.go.id/pothan/2021/03/03/peluncuran-kapal-angkut-tank-ke-9-at-9.html.

HM Courts and Tribunal Service. “Admiralty Court.” Accessed 18 January 2024, https://www.gov.uk/courts-tribunals/admiralty-court.

I-LEAD, Indonesian Center for Environmental Law. “Dedi, dkk v. Perhutani, dkk (Putusan Mandalawangi) [Dedi, et al. v. Perhutani, et al. (Mandalawangi Case)].” Accessed 14 January 2024, https://i-lead.icel.or.id/portal-putusan-icel/dedi-dkk-v-perhutani-dkk-putusan-mandalawangi?u=.

MYS. “Hakim Agung Dukung in Dubio pro Natura. [Supreme Judge Supports in Dubio pr Natura].” Accessed 14 January 2024, https://www.hukumonline.com/berita/a/hakim-agung-dukung-iin-dubio-pro-natura-i-lt5301a4cbd08fa/.

Offshore Technology. “Natuna Gas Field - Greater Sarawak Basin - Offshore Technology.” Accessed 2 January 2024, https://www.offshore-technology.com/projects/natuna/.

Power Technology. “Australia-Asia PowerLink, Australia-Singapore.” Accessed 2 February 2024, https://www.power-technology.com/projects/australia-asia-powerlink-australia-singapore/.

Steenhard, Rens. “The Capture of the Santa Catarina (1603).” Accessed 1 February 2024, https://peacepalacelibrary.nl/blog/2018/capture-santa-catarina-1603.

Tim Analisis Evaluasi Peraturan Perundang-Undangan. “Laporan Akhir tentang Yurisdiksi dan Kompetensi Mahkamah Pelayaran.” Badan Pembinaan Hukum Nasional [Final Report on the Jurisdiction and Competence of the Maritime Court.” National Legal Development Agency]. Accessed 20 January 2024, https://bphn.go.id/data/documents/yurisdiksi_mahkamah_pelayaran.pdf.

UN Press. “Russian Federation Announces “Special Military Operation” in Ukraine as Security Council Meets in Eleventh-Hour Effort to Avoid Full-Scale Conflict.” Accessed 13 January 2024, https://press.un.org/en/2022/sc14803.doc.htm.

Other Sources

International lawyers and naval experts convened by the International Institute of Humanitarian Law, Livorno (Italy), San Remo Manual on International Law Applicable to Armed Conflicts at Sea, 12 June 1994, International Review of the Red Cross, November-December 1995.

Plum Print visual indicator of research metrics
PlumX Metrics
  • Usage
    • Abstract Views: 187
    • Downloads: 104
  • Captures
    • Readers: 1
see details

Share

COinS