•  
  •  
 

Abstract

The ratified countries of PSMA 2009 are mandated to determine their implementing port without specifying any particular standards. The presence of port standards will ensure the effectiveness of services in preventing and eradicating IUU Fishing. Therefore, standards are needed to optimize the main objectives of the 2009 PSMA, especially in Indonesia, an archipelagic country with diverse fishing port classes and different management systems between general cargo ports and fishing ports. The objectives of this research are (1) to develop service standards for ports implementing PSMA 2009 and (2) to examine the readiness of ports implementing PSMA 2009 to prevent IUU fishing. This research uses content analysis and literature review methods. The results of this study reveal that Indonesia has legally adopted the 2009 PSMA, but there are two port state regimes that prevent and reduce IUU fishing such as Port State Measures and Port State Control. The service standards that must be met by ports designated to implement PSMA 2009 are (1) application services, including service officers receiving application letters and risk analysis officers, and (2) inspection services, including trained officers, authorized officers, English-speaking officers, inter-agency coordination mechanisms, and officer identity. While Benoa General Cargo/Public Port is ready to implement PSMA 2009, its fishing port still needs improvement.

Bahasa Abstract

Negara-negara yang meratifikasi PSMA 2009 diberi mandat untuk menentukan pelabuhan pelaksananya tanpa menentukan standar tertentu. Kehadiran standar pelabuhan akan menjamin efektivitas pelayanan dalam pencegahan dan pemberantasan IUU Fishing. Oleh karena itu, standar diperlukan untuk mengoptimalkan tujuan utama PSMA 2009, khususnya di Indonesia, negara kepulauan dengan kelas pelabuhan perikanan yang beragam dan sistem pengelolaan yang berbeda antara pelabuhan kargo umum dan pelabuhan perikanan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah (1) mengembangkan standar pelayanan pelabuhan yang menerapkan PSMA 2009 dan (2) mengkaji kesiapan pelabuhan yang menerapkan PSMA 2009 dalam mencegah IUU fishing. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode analisis isi dan tinjauan pustaka. Hasil penelitian ini mengungkapkan bahwa Indonesia secara hukum telah beradaptasi dengan PSMA 2009, namun terdapat dua rezim negara pelabuhan yang mencegah dan mengurangi IUU fishing. Standar pelayanan yang harus dipenuhi oleh pelabuhan yang ditunjuk sebagai pelaksana PSMA 2009 adalah (1) pelayanan aplikasi, meliputi petugas pelayanan yang menerima surat permohonan dan petugas analisis risiko, dan (2) pelayanan inspeksi, termasuk petugas terlatih, petugas berwenang, petugas berbahasa Inggris. , mekanisme koordinasi antarlembaga, dan identitas petugas. Sedangkan Pelabuhan Umum/Kargo Umum Benoa sudah siap menerapkan PSMA 2009, namun belum untuk pelabuhan perikanan yang masih perlu pembenahan.

References

Journal Articles

Agoes, Etty R. "Development Toward the Adoption of the FAO Agreement on Port State Measures to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing," Indonesian Journal of International Law: (2011): 202-218. doi: 10.17304/ijil.vol8.2.1.

Alghifari, Fadhil. “Analisis Faktor-Faktor Penghambat Ratifikasi Port State Measures Agreement oleh Indonesia Periode 2009-2014 [Analysis of Factors Obstructing Ratification of Port State Measures Agreement by Indonesia for the Period 2009-2014]. Journal of International Relations 2, (2016): 143–152. doi: https://doi.org/10.14710/jirud.v2i4.13526.

Bethel, Lonna, Henning Jessen, and Johan Hollander. “Implementing the Port State Measures Agreement to Combat Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing in the Caribbean.” Marine Policy 132 (2021): 1-9. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2021.104643.

Chen Jihong, Zhang Fangwei, Yang Chen, Zhang Changjiang, Luo Lihua. “Factor and Trend Analysis of Total-Loss Marine Casualty Using a Fuzzy Matter Element Method.” International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 24, (2017): 383–390. doi: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2017.07.001.

Chen Jihong, Zhang Shuanghong, Xu Lang, Wan Zheng, Fei Yijie, Zheng Tianxiao. “Identification of Key Factors of Ship Detention Under Port State Control.” Marine Policy, 102 (2019): 21–27. doi: 10.1016/j.marpol.2018.12.020.

Honniball, Arron N. “What’s in a Duty? EU Identification of Non-cooperating Port States and Their Prescriptive Responses.” The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 35 (2020): 19–54. doi:10.1163/15718085-23341067.

Kusumawati, Gurnita Ning and Arie Afriansyah. “Evaluasi Keanggotaan Indonesia dalam Port State Measure Agreement (PSMA) 2009 dalam Menghadapi IUU Fishing [Evaluation of Indonesia's Membership in Port State Measure Agreement (PSMA) 2009 in the Face of IUU Fishing].” Negara Hukum 12 (2021): 263-284.

Lindley, Jade and Erika J. Techera. “Overcoming Complexity in Illegal, Unregulated and Unreported Fishing to Achieve Effective Regulatory Pluralism.” Marine Policy 81 (2017): 71-79. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2017.03.010.

Musto, Callum and Efthymios Papastavridis. “Tackling Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated Fishing Through Port State Measures.” Melbourne Journal of International Law 22 (2021): 1-44. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3930015.

Najemi, Andi and Winanda Kusuma. “Implementasi Ratifikasi Agreement on Port State Measures To Prevent, Deter, And Eliminate Illegal, Unreported, And Unregulated Fishing dalam Pembertasan Penangkapan Ikan Ilegal di Indonesia [Implementation of the Ratification of the Agreement On Port State Measures To Prevent, Deter, And Eliminate Illegal, Unreported, And Unregulated Fishing in Combating Illegal Fishing in Indonesia].” Inovatif: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (2018): 174-189.

Osman, Mohd T., et al. “Empirical Analysis on Port State Control Inspection for Foreign-Registered Ships in Malaysian Ports.” The Asian Journal of Shipping and Logistics 37 (2021): 127-139. doi: 10.1016/j.ajsl.2020.10.004.

Petrossian, Gohar A. “Preventing Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) Fishing: A Aituational Approach.” Biological Conservation 189 (2015): 39–48. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2014.09.005.

Pramod, Ganapathiraju, et al. “Estimates of Illegal and Unreported Fish in Seafood Imports to USA.” Marine Policy 48 (2014): 102–113. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2014.03.019.

Pramod, Ganapathiraju, Tony J. Pitcher, and Gopikhrisna Mantha. “Estimated of Illegal Fishing and Unreported Sea Food Imports to Japan.” Marine Policy 84 (2017): 42-51. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2017.06.032.

Ryngaert, Cedric and Henrik Ringbom. “Introduction: Port State Jurisdiction: Challenges and Potential.” The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 31 (2016):379-394, doi: 10.1163/15718085-12341405.

Serdy, Andrew. “The Shaky Foundations of the FAO Port State Measures Agreement: How Watertight Is the Legal Seal against Access for Foreign Fishing Vessels?" The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 31 (2016): 422–441.

Swan, Judith. “Port State Measures—from Residual Port State Jurisdiction to Global Standards.” The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 31 (2016): 395–421. doi:10.1163/15718085-12341404.

Wang, Shuaian, Ran Yan, and Xiaobo Qu. “Development of A Non-Parametric Classifier: Effective Identification, Algorithm, and Applications in Port State Control for Maritime Transportation.” Transportation Research Part B: Methodological 128 (2019): 129-157. Doi: 10.1016/j.trb.2019.07.017.

Witbooi, Emma. “Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing on the High Seas: The Port State Measures Agreement in Context.” The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 29, no. 2 (2015): 290–320. doi:10.1163/15718085-12341314.

Xiao Yi, Wang Grace, Lin Kun-Chin, Qi Guangqiu, Li Kevin X. “The Effectiveness of the New Inspection Regime for Port State Control: Application of the Tokyo MoU.” Marine Policy 115 (2020): 103857 doi: 10.1016/j.marpol.2020.103857.

Xiao Yi, Qi Guangqiu Jin Mengjie, Yuen Kum Fai, Chen Zhuo, Li Kevin X. “Efficiency of Port State Control Inspection Regimes: A Comparative Study.” Transport Policy 106 (2021): 165-172. doi: 10.1016/j.tranpol.2021.04.003.

Yang, Zhisen, Zaili Yang, and Angelo Palos Teixeira. “Comparative Analysis of the Impact of New Inspection Regime on Port State Control Inspection.” Transport Policy 92 (2020): 65-80. doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2020.04.009.

Young, Margaret A. “International Trade Law Compatibility of Market-Related Measures to Combat Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) Fishing.” Marine Policy 69 (2016): 209–219. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2016.01.025.

Treaties

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. 1836 UNTS 3 (opened for signature 10 December 1982, entered into force 16 November 1994).

Agreement on Port State Measures to Prevent, Deter, and Eliminate Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated Fishing (opened for signature 22 November 2009, entered into force June 5th, 2016).

Legal Documents

Indonesia. Undang-Undang tentang Pelayaran, UU No. 17 Tahun 2008. (Law on Shipping, Law No. 17 Year 2008).

Indonesia. Peraturan Presiden tentang Persetujuan Tentang Ketentuan Negara Pelabuhan untuk Mencegah, Menghalangi, dan Memberantas Penangkapan Ikan yang Ilegal, Tidak Dilaporkan, dan Tidak Diatur. Perpres No. 43 Tahun 2016. (Presiden Regulation on Ratification Agreement on Port State Measures to Prevent, Deter, and Eliminate Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated Fishing, Presiden Regulation No. 43 Tahun 2016).

Indonesia. Peraturan Menteri Perhubungan tentang Pejabat Pemeriksa Kelaiklautan dan Keamanan Kapal Asing, Permenhub No. 119 Tahun 2017. (Ministerial Regulation of Transportation on Inspection Officials of Seaworthiness and Safety of Foreign Ship, Ministerial Regulation of Transportation No. 119 Tahun 2017).

Indonesia. Peraturan Menteri Kelautan dan Perikanan tentang Pelaksanaan Ketentuan Negara Pelabuhan untuk Mencegah, Menghalangi, dan Memberantas Penangkapan Ikan Secara Ilegal, Tidak Dilaporkan, dan Tidak Diatur, Permen KP No. 39/Permen-KP/2019. (Minitrial Regulation of Marine Affairs and Fisheries on Implementation of Port State Provisions to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing, Ministerial Regulation of Marine Affairs and Fisheries No. 39/Permen-KP/2019).

Indonesia. Keputusan Menteri Kelautan dan Perikanan tentang Pelabuhan Tempat Pelaksanaan Ketentuan Negara Pelabuhan Untuk Mencegah, Menghalangi, dan Memberantas Penangkapan Ikan Secara Ilegal, Tidak Dilaporkan, dan Tidak Diatur, Kepmen KP 52/Kepmen-KP/2020. (Minitrial Decree of Marine Affairs and Fisheries on Ports Where Port State Provisions Are Implemented to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing, Minitrial Decree of Marine Affairs and Fisheries 52/Kepmen-KP/2020).

Indonesia. Surat Keputusan Direktorat Jenderal Perikanan Tangkap tentang Susunan dan Keanggotaan Unit Pelaksana Port State Measures, SK Dirjen Perikanan Tangkap No. 17 Tahun 2023. (Directorate General of Capture Fisheries Decree on the Composition and Membership of the PSM Implementation Unit, Directorate General of Capture Fisheries Decree No. 17 Tahun 2023).

Web sources

IMO. “Port State Control.” Accessed 25 December 2023, https://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/IIIS/Pages/Port%20State%20Control.aspx.

Chatham House. “The FAO Port State Measures Agreement.” Accessed 25 December 2023, https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/Matthew%20Camilleri.pdf.
Tokyo MoU. "Welcome to Tokyo MOU." Accessed 25 December 2023, https://www.tokyo-mou.org/.

Download

Share

COinS